Enlarging the Playing Field: Political Circulation of Brazilian Senators in the First Republic

Massimo, Lucas; Costa, Luiz Domingos

doi:10.1590/1981-38212015000300022

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Articles • Bras. Political Sci. Rev. 9 (3) • Dec 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-38212015000300022 copy

Enlarging the Playing Field: Political Circulation of Brazilian Senators in the First Republic^* **(*)** http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-38212015000300022 For replication, see bpsr.org.br/files/archives/Dataset_Massimo_Costa.html We would like to thank CNPq for the resources which financed the research that resulted in this article, as well as the observations and criticisms from Adriano Codato, Renato Perissinotto, Flavio Heinz, André Marenco dos Santos and Pedro Tavares de Almeida. The comments from the anonymous reviewers of the Brazilian Political Science Review helped to improve the material greatly, for which we are grateful. We extend, here, our thanks to the collaborators from COARQ (Coordination of the Archives of the Federal Senate) for the access to data and the help with the handling of primary sources.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The article analyzes the career patterns of Brazilian senators during the First Republic. It explores whether there is any relationship between the establishment of a structure of political opportunities and the recruitment patterns of this segment of the parliamentary elite. The aim is to assess the circulation among the political positions attained before reaching the position of Senator. The research consists of the systematic observation of the biographies of the 851 holders of senatorial mandates from the 21st legislature (1890/1891) to the 37th senatorial term (1934/1937). Results suggest that the political careers of senators extended in time and have become more diverse in terms of the political instances they encompassed. The new institutional framework, with more positions facing electoral competition and the strengthening of state-level policy, has intensified political circulation among government levels (municipal, state and federal) and the decision-making arenas (executive and legislative). These results show that the legislative recruitment patterns identified in the literature devoted to the second half of the 20th century were already outlined by the senatorial political elite of the First Republic.

First republic; Brazilian senators; political career; political circulation; federalism

Period	Median	Mean	Std. Deviation	Var. Coefficient	N
1890-1900	3.00	3.98	3.111	78.23%	343
1903-1909	6.00	6.16	3.151	51.14%	193
1912-1918	6.00	6.47	3.577	55.32%	133
1921-1930	7.00	7.04	3.741	53.16%	138
1934-1937	4.00	4.59	3.308	72.06%	44
Total	5.00	5.39	3.539	65.68%	851

Period	Median	Mean	Std. Deviation	Var. Coefficient	N
1890-1900	6.00	10.07	11.047	109.66%	270
1903-1909	13.00	15.52	9.925	63.94%	147
1912-1918	20.00	19.48	10.855	55.73%	117
1921-1930	21.00	21.21	12.831	60.49%	118
1934-1937	11.50	13.00	11.408	87.75%	30
Total	14.00	14.92	11.967	80%	682

		Types of trajectory				Total
Period		Short and homogenous	Short and heterogenous	Long and homogenous	Long and heterogenous	Total
1890-1900	Count	170	62	20	91	343
	%	49.6%	18.1%	5.8%	26.5%	100%
	Std. Residual	6.9	0.7	-2.8	-4.8
1903-1909	Count	32	27	24	110	193
	%	16.6%	14%	12.4%	57%	100%
	Std. Residual	-3.3	-0.8	0.7	2.8
1912-1918	Count	21	18	31	63	133
	%	15.8%	13.5%	23.3%	47.4%	100%
	Std. Residual	-2.9	-0.8	4.4	0.7
1921-1930	Count	16	19	15	88	138
	%	11.6%	13.8%	10.9%	63.3%	100%
	Std. Residual	-3.9	-0.8	0.1	3.6
1934-1937	Count	11	14	01	18	44
	%	25%	31.8%	2.3%	40.9%	100%
	Std. Residual	-0.5	2.5	-1.7	-0.3
Total	Count	250	140	91	370	851
	%	29.4%	16.5%	10.7%	43.5%	100%

		Levels of political experience
Period		Only federal experience	federal and state experience	federal and municipal experience	Federal, state and municipal experience	Total
1890-1900	Count	90	204	12	37	343
	%	26.2%	59.5%	3.5%	10.8%	100%
	Std. Residual	2.9	0.4	-1.1	-3.2
1903-1909	Count	26	119	9	39	193
	%	13.5%	61.7%	4.7%	20.2%	100%
	Std. Residual	-1.8	0.7	-0.1	0.6
1912-1918	Count	23	80	9	21	133
	%	17.3%	60.2%	6.8%	15.8%	100%
	Std. Residual	-0.5	0.4	1.0	-0.7
1921-1930	Count	18	65	7	48	138
	%	13%	47.1%	5.1%	34.8%	100%
	Std. Residual	-1.7	-1.6	0.1	4.6
1934-1937	Count	7	23	4	10	44
	%	15.9%	52.3%	9.1%	22.7%	100%
	Std. Residual	-0.5	-0.5	1.3	0.7
Total	Count	164	491	41	155	851
	%	19.3%	57.7%	4.8%	18.2%	100%

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[TFN1] Missing = 169 cases (due to the lack of records for the year of the first position)

[TFN2] Source: NUSP/UFPR, The observatory of social and political elites of Brazil http://observatory-elites.org/