Novel microencapsulated soil conditioner: improving efficient utilization of core materials and yield of cabbages

Lu, Wentong; Wang, Caiyan; He, Tiantian; Wang, Jincheng; Wang, Zuo; Sun, Jibo

doi:10.1590/1678-4499.20230242

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SOIL AND PLANT NUTRITION - Article • Bragantia 83 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.20230242 copy

Novel microencapsulated soil conditioner: improving efficient utilization of core materials and yield of cabbages

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The utilization of microencapsulated soil conditioner (MSC) with a water-soluble core and natural polymer shell offers a potential solution to address the issues of over-fertilization and low efficiency in soil. Fulvic acid (FA), a refined form of humic acid, possesses desirable characteristics such as water solubility, fertilizer retention, and convenient monitoring. Urea, a neutral fertilizer, is beneficial for plant growth, easy to store and apply, and causes minimal harm to the soil. Sodium alginate, as a type of natural polymer, has great potential for use in the agricultural sector due to its biocompatibility, environmental safety, and water-holding abilities. The preparation of MSC incorporating FA and urea involved the employment of double emulsion and ion crosslinking mechanism utilizing the sharp-hole coagulation bath method. Structural analysis confirmed the presence of core materials within the MSC. The analysis of the structure indicated that the MSC possessed a particle size about 200 µm, displaying a uniform spherical shape. Subsequent sustained release and biodegradation tests demonstrated the MSC’s ability to significantly enhance both fertilizer retention and water retention capacities. In addition, a planting experiment involving cabbages was conducted employing these microcapsules. The growth status of the cabbages, their physiological activities, nitrogen balance index value, and photosynthesis rate were thoroughly examined. The statistical analysis findings indicated that the MSC possessed the capability to enhance cabbage yield, rendering it a highly promising sustained-release fertilizer.

Key words
soil conditioner; microcapsules; structure and properties; planting experiment; sustained-release fertilizer

Samples	Sodium alginate/g	Paraffin/g	Fulvic acid/g	Urea/g	CaCl₂/g
Blank control group	-	-	-	-	-
W1			5	40
W2	0.8	150	5	40	20
W3	0.8	150	5	40	40
W4	0.8	150	10	40	20

Soil conditioners	Encapsulation efficiency (%)	Sustained release ratio (%)	Degradability	References
PZ(Fe)/GL-SA-Urea	37.63	68% within 100 h	degradable	Lu et al. (2023)Lu, W. T., Tang, H. Y., Li, Y. K., Wang, J. C. and Sun, J. B. (2023). Preparation and Application of a Natural Microspheric Soil Conditioner Based on Gelatin, Sodium Alginate, and Zeolite. ACS Applied Polymer Materials, 5, 5211-5220. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.3c00682 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.3c00682...
GL/CS/MAP-FA	not mentioned	85% within 100 h	degradable	Youzhi et al. (2020)Youzhi, W., Jincheng, W., Shiqiang, S., Pinhua, R., Runkai, W., Shihui, L., Liqi, X. and Feng, Z. (2020). Preparation and application properties of sustainable gelatin/chitosan soil conditioner microspheres. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 159, 685-695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.122 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020....
CS−P(NIPAM-co-MAA)-urea	10.2	80% within 100 h	degradable	Yang et al. (2020)Yang, F., Wang, J. C., Song, S. Q., Rao, P. H., Wang, R. K., Liu, S. H., Xu, L. Q. and Zhang, F. (2020). Novel controlled release microspheric soil conditioner based on temperature and pH dual stimuli response. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68, 7819-7829. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01825 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01825...
AG-GL/CQAS/β-CD-FS	15	70−85% within 250 h	not mentioned	Li et al. (2021)Li, Y. K., Rao, P. H., Wang, J. C., Song, S. Q. and Che, L. (2021). Study on preparation and application of a multifunctional microspheric soil conditioner based on Arabic gum, gelatin, chitosan and β-cyclo-dextrin. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 183, 1851-1860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.205 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021....
MSC	65−85%	30−40% within 100 h	80%	This work

Samples	Leaf width (2 cm)	Plant height (2 cm)	Leaf width (5 cm)	Plant height (5 cm)
W1	0.022	0.087	0.017	0.004
W2	0.001	0.017	0.022	0.016
W3	0.061	0.031	0.025	0.039
W4	0.005	0.020	0.027	0.073
Blank control group	0.047	0.011	0.073	0.028

Samples	NBI (2 cm)	NBI (5 cm)
W1	0.004	0.016
W2	0.003	0.002
W3	0.031	0.031
W4	0.064	0.022
Blank control group	0.048	0.058

Samples	Net photosynthetic rate (2 cm)	Net photosyntheticrate (5 cm)	Intercellular CO₂ concentration (2 cm)	Intercellular CO₂ concentration (5 cm)	Transpiration Rate (2 cm)	Transpiration rate (5 cm)
W1	0.046	0.029	0.009	0.010	0.009	0.007
W2	0.032	0.000	0.038	0.075	0.045	0.008
W3	0.004	0.004	0.036	0.017	0.025	0.068
W4	0.015	0.036	0.012	0.050	0.011	0.026
Blank control group	0.032	0.032	0.017	0.017	0.045	0.045

Samples	Root length (2 cm)	Root length (5 cm)	Total surface area (2 cm)	Total surface area (5 cm)	Mean distribution (2 cm)	Mean distribution (5 cm)
W1	0.042	0.023	0.046	0.051	0.005	0.043
W2	0.032	0.055	0.046	0.008	0.022	0.027
W3	0.014	0.054	0.045	0.021	0.016	0.054
W4	0.045	0.003	0.013	0.033	0.031	0.003
Blank control group	0.042	0.042	0.035	0.035	0.014	0.014

Samples	Wet weight (2 cm)	Wet weight (5 cm)	Dry weight (2 cm)	Dry weight (5 cm)
W1	0.001	0.014	0.004	0.054
W2	0.049	0.015	0.038	0.044
W3	0.008	0.093	0.040	0.002
W4	0.040	0.018	0.013	0.016
Blank control group	0.008	0.008	0.047	0.047

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[1] * Corresponding author: wjc406@sues.edu.cn