| 1 |
Koch et al.8
|
Chronic pain (94)
Healthy controls (6) |
Cytokines (TNF-α, GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, INF-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10); nitric oxide (NO). |
Patients with mild pain x control: increased IL-6
Patient with severe pain x control: significant increase of IL-6 and NO. Non-significant increase IL-1b, TNF-a, IL-2, and IL-4 |
| 2 |
Vaisberg et al.10
|
Handball athletes with pain (14)
Handball athletes without pain (41) |
Plasma cortisol; adrenaline; prolactin; growing hormone; dopamine; L-dopa; epinephrine, norepinephrine, cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, PGE2). |
There was no difference between the groups in the hormones;
IL-1, IL-2, TNF-α, IFN, and PGE2 were significantly higher in the chronic pain group. |
| 3 |
Wingenfeld et al.11
|
Chronic pelvic pain (18)
Fibromyalgia (17)
Healthy control (24) |
Plasma cortisol; salivary cortisol; hormone adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH); inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by dexamethasone. |
Plasma cortisol: there was no difference between groups, but with a significant increase after stress. Fibromyalgia group has a higher concentration than the chronic pelvic pain and control.
In the others, there was no statistical difference. |
| 4 |
Anderson et al.12
|
Chronic pelvic pain (60)
Healthy controls (30) |
Plasma cortisol; ACTH; salivar cortisol. |
Decrease in ACTH hormonal response, with an average response of 30% less to control.
Regarding cortisol, there was no difference between groups. |
| 5 |
Behm et al.13
|
Fibromyalgia (110)
Healthy controls (91) |
Cytokines (IFN-y, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MCP-1 e MIP1-α). |
The concentrations of most cytokines were lower in stimulated patient samples than in controls. IL-6 was the one with the greatest decrease. |
| 6 |
Malhotra et al.14
|
Fibromyalgia (26)
Healthy controls (26) |
Cytokines (IFN-y, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10). |
IL-6: Mean increase of 242.8% in the patient group when compared to healthy controls. The level of IL-6 correlates directly with the severity of pain.
IL-4: Mean increase of 136.4% in the patient group when compared to healthy controls.
Anti-inflammatory cytokines: There was a statistically significant decrease among the patient group when compared to healthy controls. |
| 7 |
Lundh et al.15
|
Chronic pelvic pain (32)
Healthy controls (37) |
Testosterone; MIF (factor of inhibition of the migration of macrophages); cytokines (TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-2, IL-1β); salivar cortisol. |
MIF: Significantly higher in patients than in control.
Testosterone: Less in patients than in control
TNF-α: significantly higher in patients than in control. |
| 8 |
Koike et al.16
|
Burning mouth Syndrome (47)
Healthy controls (47) |
Adrenaline; noradrenaline; ACTH; plasma cortisol. |
Adrenaline: significantly lower in patients.
Depression levels significantly associated with plasma levels of noradrenaline and cortisol. |
| 9 |
Sturgill, McGee and Menzies17
|
Fibromyalgia (105) |
Cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL -17, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-y and TNF-α); chemokines (CXCL8, CCL2 (MCP1) e CCL4 (MIP1β)). |
There were no significant correlations between cytokine levels and fatigue, depression or stress; there is a trend of significance when we compare levels of cytokines and pain.
After post-hoc analysis, there was a marked reduction of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 cytokines. |
| 10 |
Ciszek et al. 18
|
Vulvodynia (33),
vulvodynia and irritable bowel syndrome (23)
Healthy control (22) |
Cytokines (MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES, ENA-78, FGF basic, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, Thrombopoietin, VEGF endothelial growth factor); RNA expression. |
RNA expression: deregulation of miRNA in VBD affects relevant estrogen pathways, whereas, in generalized pain, it is related to muscle, nerve cells, and glial cells.
IL-8 and IL-1ra were statistically significant between the groups, being higher in the patient group.
Women with VBD and VBD + IBS have increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. |
| 11 |
Nenke et al.19
|
Chronic pain (26) |
Salivar cortisol; plasma cortisol. |
Plasma cortisol: significant reduction in opioid users when compared to control, especially at 60 and 120 min.
There was no difference in salivary cortisol. |
| 12 |
Bäckryd et al.20
|
Neuropathic chronic pain (14)
Healthy control (17) |
Cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and GM-CSF). |
IL-6: significantly higher in patients than in controls.
IL-1, IL-8, and GM-CSF: no difference between the two groups.
A multivariate analysis showed a tendency for patients to have higher GM-CSF plasma levels than controls. |
| 13 |
Park and Chung21
|
Temporomandibular pain (40)
Healthy control (20) |
Cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α);
C-Reactive protein |
Patients with major changes had higher scores on pain and sleep scores.
The patient group had statistically higher levels of cytokines than the control group.
Cytokines had a significant positive relationship with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).
IL-10 and TNF-α were associated with the sleepiness scale. |
Systemic alterations in plasma biomarkers levels in patients with chronic pain