| Desmawati, Waraporn and Chatchawet3030 Desmawati, Waraporn K, Warangkana C. Effect of nursing intervention integrating an Islamic praying program on labor pain and pain behaviors in primiparous Muslim women. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2019;24(3):220-6.
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RCT/2 |
Examine the effect of nursing interventions integrating an Islamic prayer program (NIIIP) on labor pain and pain behavior that depends on pain intensity and frequency. Forty-two women were selected for the control group and received usual care. Forty-one were selected for the experimental group and received usual care + NIIIP program starting at 32 weeks of pregnancy. NIIIP consisted of childbirth education, practiced by the pregnant women at home every day until they entered the delivery room. Nurses conducted 30 min of Quran recitation, helping with positioning and stimulating breathing exercises during contractions in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd h after 3-4 cm dilation. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Pain Behavior Observation Scale (PBOS) were used to measure pain and pain behaviors. There were significant differences in labor pain experience ([F = 113.07, df (1, 81), p <0.001] and pain behavior ([F = 147.49 df (1, 81), p<0.001] between the control and experimental groups. Using repeated ANOVA and Student’s t-test measurements, statistically significant differences of more than four times in pain scores [F = 82.84, df (2, 182), p<0.001] and pain behaviors [F = 165.55, df = (2, 189), p<0.001] were observed. |
Spiritual intervention significantly reduced labor pain and improved pain behaviors scores. |
| Keivan, Daryabeigie and Alimohammadi3131 Keivan N, Daryabeigi R, Alimohammadi N. Effects of religious and spiritual care on burn patients’ pain intensity and satisfaction with pain control during dressing changes. Burns. 2019;45(7):1605-13.
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RCT/2 |
Evaluate the effects of a religious and spiritual care program on pain intensity and satisfaction with pain control during dressing changes for 64 burn patients (32 from the Control Group and 32 from the Experimental Group). Three sessions of spiritual care intervention were carried out by the nurse, who performed the following: established a relationship of trust and active careful listening; provided moral and psychological support; recited verses from the Quran; prayed and read biblical texts; welcomed with a smile and handshake, while speaking words of encouragement and hope; encouraged repentance of sins; in addition to the presence of a religious representative (for guidance, conversation, and narration of lives of religious models and prophets) and a family member after dressing changes. |
The spiritual care program reduced mean pain intensity (8.5 and σ=1.64 to 4.4, σ=2.33) and increased satisfaction with pain control (2.16 and σ=0.50 to 6.53 σ=0.44). |
| Vasigh, Tarjoman and Borji3232 Vasigh A, Tarjoman A, Borji M. The effect of spiritual-religious interventions on patients’ pain status: systematic review. Anaesth Pain Intens Care. 2019;22(4):499-505.
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Systematic review/1 |
Determine the effect of religious-spiritual interventions on the patients’ pain status. A systematic review of studies published between 2000 and September 2018 was conducted, and six clinical trial and two quasi-experimental studies were included in the final sample. The questionnaires used were based on the MPQ, the VAS pain assessment scale, the form of analgesic received, and neonatal infant pain scale (NIPS). Patients ranging from newborns to adults were included. Pain was related to multiple diseases and painful procedures such as: venipuncture, birth and burns. Of 145 articles studied, only 8 met the inclusion criteria. The findings showed that the religious intervention improved the pain status of patients in the experimental group, inferring that religion and spirituality can be effective in reducing pain. |
In all studies, the patients’ pain level was significantly reduced after the religious intervention, but varied depending on the different types of scales for the age group and time of pain measurement. |
| Brasileiro et al.3333 Brasileiro TOZ, Prado AAO, Assis BB, Nogueira DA, Lima RS, Chaves ECL. Effects of prayer on the vital signs of patients with chronic kidney disease: randomized controlled trial. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2017;51:e03236.
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1st phase: Double-blind RCT/2
2nd phase: qualitative
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Evaluate the effect of prayer on B P, HR, RR in 42 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and to assess their perception regarding the intervention. Patients received the intervention (prayer): 11-minute audio, with prayer based on Psalm 138 (divine omniscience), three times, on alternate weeks, with the presence of the interventionist nurse. The control group (37 patients) received an informal visit with active listening during the same period as the intervention group. In the 2nd phase, 35 patients from the intervention group participated in the interview. |
Prayer reduced blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate values of patients with CFR and the volunteers’ evaluation of the intervention was positive. |
| Trihandini et al.3434 Trihandini B, Fatmasari D, Hartati YK LE, Sudirman S. Effect of spiritual nursing care on the level of anxiety in patients with stroke. Belitung Nurs J. 2018.4(1):98-103.
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Quasi-experimental with pre-test post-test control group/3 |
Examine the effect of nursing spiritual care on the reduction of anxiety in patients with stroke in the inpatient ward. Thirty patients were allocated into intervention group (n=15) and control group (n=15). Spirituality as a nursing spiritual care intervention was developed based on Swanson’s theory of care (knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, and maintaining belief) and O’Brien’s dimensions of care on the practice of spiritual care (being with, listening, touching). Spiritual nursing care was conducted over three days with the following steps: preparation of the physical space, greeting with eye contact and smiling, introducing and sitting next to the patient, listening to the patient’s experience by responding to their most basic needs, facilitating the need for prayer, informing families to be involved in care, and motivating patients with words of reinforcement. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale was used for anxiety assessment. Using the paired t-test and the independent t-test, a significant effect of spiritual nursing care on anxiety levels in stroke patients was observed (p=0.000). |
Spiritual nursing care significantly reduced anxiety in stroke patients. Results showed that there was a decrease in anxiety levels in both groups, with the mean difference value in the experimental group of 20.33 and in the control group of 11.73. |
| Simão, Caldeira and Carvalho3535 Simão TP, Caldeira S, Carvalho EC. The effect of prayer on patients’ health: systematic literature review. Religions. 2016;7(1):11.
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Systematic review/1 |
Verify the contribution of prayer to the health/disease process and to promote the integration of prayer in holistic health care. Ninety-two studies were investigated with a final sample consisting of 12 articles focusing on the effects of prayer on patient health. The review was conducted in international electronic databases in 2015, with the search strategy “Prayer” and “clinical trial”, not considering time frame or language limitation, with the focus of interest on randomized and blinded clinical trials on the effects of prayer on patients’ health. The studies showed consistent results highlighting that the literature recognizes effective prayer as a complementary nursing intervention for patients to cope with pain, anxiety, and worries in the face of illness or crisis situation. |
Healthcare professionals should consider patients’ spiritual needs and need to be prepared to provide this support based on ethical precepts. |
| Ghodsbin et al.3636 Ghodsbin F, Safaei M, Jahanbin I, Ostovan MA, Keshvarzi S. The effect of positive thinking training on the level of spiritual well-being among the patients with coronary artery diseases referred to Imam Reza specialty and subspecialty clinic in Shiraz, Iran: a randomized controlled clinical trial. ARYA Atheroscler. 2015;11(6):341-8.
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Controlled randomized clinical trial/2 |
Evaluate the effect of positive thinking on the level of spiritual well-being (SWBS) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). These patients usually suffer from anxiety and other biopsychological alterations, interfering with their well-being, so 74 patients aged between 42 and 79 years old with CAD were randomized, allocated into an intervention group (38 patients) and a control group (36 patients). A simple sampling and block randomization method was used. The intervention group participated in positive thinking training, which consisted of a 75-minute session weekly for seven consecutive weeks. The content of the trainings were: the importance of anthropology and self-analysis, cognitive errors, definition and role of positive thinking in life, overcoming illness, the importance of prayer, communication with God and thanksgiving, training relaxation techniques, visualization and positive imagery, considering prayer, patience, forgiveness and trust in God as relaxation factors, as well as the causes of fear of death. The Ellison and Paloutzian Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS) was used for evaluation at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and one month later. Mean spiritual well-being increased from 88.71±12.5 to 96.63±12.58 in the intervention group. |
Training optimism and positive thinking associated with communication with the Divine in the form of prayer are important measures in the treatment of patients with CAD and should be considered in nursing interventions, since the results showed that there was an increase in these patients’ general well--being. |
| Beiranvand et al.3737 Beiranvand S, Noparast M, Eslamizade N, Saeedikia S. The effects of religion and spirituality on postoperative pain, hemodynamic functioning and anxiety after cesarean section. Acta Med Iran. 2014;52(12):909-15.
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Prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial/2 |
Evaluate the effect of prayer meditation on reducing postoperative pain and physiological responses among Muslim women patients who underwent cesarean surgery under spinal anesthesia. The women were randomly divided into an intervention group and a control group, both with n = 80 each. The prayer “O, I am the name of the medicine and the remembrance of healing, there is no god, but Muhammad and the God of Muhammad” was heard for 20 minutes through a disposable headset in the intervention group. The control group wore the headset turned off. The study was conducted during 2011-2013 in a regional university hospital in Lorestan, Iran. Pain intensity, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were checked before and during prayer, as well as 30 minutes, 60 minutes (p>0.05), 3 and 6 h after prayer. There was no significant improvement in pain score before and during prayer meditation, nor 30 and 60 min after (p>0.05). However, there was sensitive statistically significant improvement in pain after 3 and 6 h compared to the control group (1.5±0.3 vs. 3±1.3, p=0.030) and (1.3±0.8 vs. 3±1.1, p=0.003). There was no significant difference for B P, HR and RR between the groups. |
Religious and spiritual intervention with meditative prayer is a simple, effcient and low-cost strategy with no adverse effects and the authors recommend it for reducing pain after a cesarean section, even though there was no improvement in pain after prayer meditation (p>0.05) at 30 and 60 minutes. Nevertheless, after 3 and 6h before and during prayer meditation there was a statistically significant improvement in pain compared to the control group. |
| Carvalho et al. 3838 Carvalho CC, Chaves ECL, Iunes DH, Simão TP, Grasselli CSM, Braga CG. A efetividade da prece na redução da ansiedade em pacientes com câncer. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2014;48(4):683689.
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Quasi-experimental pre- and post-intervention design/3 |
Evaluate the effect of prayer on anxiety in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment. Twenty patients received a nursing intervention using 11 minutes of audio with prayer based on Psalm 138 (divine omniscience), with the presence of the researcher. The control group received an informal visit from the researcher with active listening during the same period as the intervention group. To evaluate spiritual characteristics, Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) was used. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to evaluate anxiety before and after the intervention. The data found between the pre- and post-intervention collections revealed statistically significant differences for anxiety state (p=<0.00), BP (systolic, p=0.00; diastolic, p=<0.00) and RR (p=0.04). |
Significant efficiency of prayer as a nursing intervention for reducing anxiety in patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment was evidenced. |
| Moeini et al.3939 Moeini M, Taleghani F, Mehrabi T, Musarezaie A. Effect of a spiritual care program on levels of anxiety in patients with leukemia. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2014;19(1):88-93.
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Randomized clinical trial/2 |
The study’s objective was to determine the effects of a spiritual care program on anxiety in leukemia patients. Sixty-four Shiite patients admitted to an intensive care unit with a diagnosis of leukemia were allocated into an intervention and control group (32 patients in each). The intervention group received the spiritual care program from 4 pm to 8 pm for three days. This program included the presence of support that encouraged the expression of feelings, needs, and concerns through welcoming gestures and active listening, avoiding any kind of prejudice on the part of the researcher. Another component of the program was the support in religious rituals, and patients received a kit containing a prayer rug, rosary, and veil for women, and had access to MP3s with prayers and passages from the Quran. For the assessment of anxiety, the subscale of the 42-item depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-42) was used with testing at baseline and at the end of the 3rd day of intervention. After the program, the mean anxiety score was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group (p<0.01). |
The implementation of a spiritual care program by nurses with the objective of reducing anxiety in leukemia patients was statistically lower (p<0.01) in the intervention group than in the control group. |
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