Jradi, Alanazi and Mohammad2020 Jradi H, Alanazi H, Mohammad Y. Psychosocial and occupational factors associated with low back pain among nurses in Saudi Arabia. J Occup Health. 2020;62(1):e12126. Saudi Arabia |
Cross-sectional (410) |
Gender: M (n=43); F (n=367) Age: 20 - 30 yr (n=173) 31-40 yr (n=163) >40 yr (n=74) 79.5% of the participants stated that they had low-back pain (LBP). 31.9% had been diagnosed by a health-care professional. |
Financial problems |
LBP |
Multiple domains questionnaire |
Multiple domains questionnaire |
Financial problems were associated with LBP in univariate analysis (OR = 2.08; 95%CI: 1.26-3.38). while factors that remained significantly associated with LBP in the final multivariate analyses were frequent lifting (OR = 2.04; 95%CI:1.09-3.81), work-related stress (OR = 4.22; 95%CI: 2.34-7.48), and lack of job satisfaction (OR = 1.87; 95%CI: 1.24-3.58). |
Jay et al.2121 Jay MA, Bendayan R, Cooper R, Muthuri SG. Lifetime socioeconomic circumstances and chronic pain in later adulthood: Findings from a British birth cohort study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(3):1-10. UK |
Prospective cohort (2378) |
Gender: M (n=1238); F (n=1140). Pain at age 68: CWP (n=164 women); (n= 89 men); CRP (n= 400 women; n= 327 men) |
Experience of financial hardship |
Chronic widespread (CWP) and regional pain (CRP) |
Self-reported of financial hardship |
Self-reported frequency of pain |
Results from multinomial logistic regression models described that the accumulation of financial hardship across adulthood was associated with an increased risk of CWP (hardship at one point reported vs no hardship RRR 1.93 [95% CI: 1.11 to 3.35]; hardship at both points RRR 3.90 [95% CI: 1.20 to 12.64]). |
Hagiwara et al.2222 Hagiwara Y, Yabe Y, Sugawara Y, Sato M, Watanabe T, Kanazawa K, Sonofuchi K, Koide M, Sekiguchi T, Tsuchiya M, Tsuji I, Itoi E. Influence of living environments and working status on low back pain for survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake. J Orthop Sci. 2016;21(2):138-42. Japan |
Cross-sectional (1809) |
Gender: M (n= 825); F (n= 984); Age: <65 yr old (n=985) or > 65 yr old (n=824). Shoulder pain (2 yr after Earthquake) was categorized as Absence (n=1635) and Presence (n=174). |
Economic hardship |
Shoulder pain |
Selfreported economic hardship |
Selfreported nonquantified shoulder pain |
There were significant differences in the risk of having shoulder pain in those with economic hardship of “hard” (OR= 1.71; 95% CI:1.08-2.7) and “very hard” (OR= 2.51, 95% CI: 1.47-4.29). |
Sekiguchi, et al.1212 Sekiguchi T, Hagiwara Y, Sugawara Y, Tomata Y, Tanji F, Watanabe T, et al. Influence of subjective economic hardship on new onset of neck pain (so-called: katakori) in the chronic phase of the Great East Japan Earthquake: a prospective cohort study. J Orthop Sci. 2018;23(5):758-64. Japan |
Cohort (1.359) |
Gender: M (n=650); F (n=709). The mean age: 63.7 yr (SD: 16.3). Participants with new-onset of neck pain (n=175) |
Financial difficulty self-perception |
Neck pain |
Self-reported household economic condition |
Self-reported new one-set of neck pain |
A significantly higher rate of new-onset neck pain was observed in participants who considered their subjective economic hardship to be “hard” (OR= 2.10, 95% CI: 1.34-3.30) or “very hard” (OR= 3.26, 95% CI: 1.83-5.46; p<0.001) compared with those who considered their hardship to be “normal.” |
Yabe et al.88 Yabe Y, Hagiwara Y, Sekiguchi T, Sugawara Y, Sato M, Kanazawa K, Koide M, Itaya N, Tsuchiya M, Tsuji I, Itoi E. Influence of living environment and subjective economic hardship on new-onset of low back pain for survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake. J Orthop Sci. 2017;22(1):43-9. Japan |
Longitudinal panel study (1292) |
Gender: M (n=584); F (n=708) Age: <65 yr old (n=627); > 65 yr old (n=665). Low back pain at 3 years after the earthquake: Absence (n=1094). Presence (n=198) |
Subjective economic hardship |
LBP |
Self-reported household current economic situation |
Self-reported LBP |
There was significant association between new onset of low back pain and “Very hard” (OR=3.19, 95% CI: 1.84-5.53) in subjective economic hardship. |
Hagiwara et al.1313 Hagiwara Y, Sekiguchi T, Yabe Y, Sugawara Y, Watanabe T, Kanazawa K, Koide M, Itaya N, Tsuchiya M, Tsuji I, Itoi E. Living status, economic hardship and sleep disturbance were associated with subjective shoulder pain in survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake: a cross sectional study. J Orthop Sci. 2017;22(3):442-6 Japan |
Cross-sectional (986) |
Gender: M (n= 431); F (n=555). Age: >65 yr (n= 456) <65 yr (n=530). Low back pain: Absence to Absence (n=653); Presence to Presence (n=117); Presence to Absence (n= 112); and Absence to Presence (n=104). |
Decrease in income |
LBP |
Selfreported decreased income |
Selfreported nonquantified LBP |
There was significant difference between low back pain and “decrease in income” (OR= 1.93, 95% CI: 1.23-3.03). In the subgroup analyses, there was significant difference between low back pain and “decrease in income” for under 65 years old (OR= 1.84, 95% CI: 1.03-3.29) |
Generaal et al.2323 Generaal E, Vogelzangs N, Macfarlane GJ, Geenen R, Smit JH, de Geus EJ, Penninx BW, Dekker J. Biological stress systems, adverse life events and the onset of chronic multisite musculoskeletal pain: a 6-year cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(5):847-54. Netherlands |
Retrospective cohort |
2039 subjects 18-65 yr Gender: F 62.6% free of chronic MP; follow-up assessments 2 years, 4 years and 6 years later |
Serious financial problems |
Chronic multisite MP |
List of Threatening Events Questionnaire |
Chronic Pain Grade |
Nearly each life event showed a positive association with chronic pain onset, which were significant for financial problems (5.8%; HR (95% CI) 1.54(1.05 to 2.25); p=0.03), independently of biological stress systems function, sociodemographics, lifestyle, chronic diseases, depression, and anxiety. |
Rios et al.2424 Rios R, Zautra AJ. Socioeconomic disparities in pain: the role of economic hardship and daily financial worry. Heal Psychol. 2011;30(1):58-66. USA |
Prospective cross-sectional (249) |
Gender: F (n=249) Age: 37 - 72 yr (M=57.3; SD=8.4) Pain: Osteoarthritis (N=105), fibromyalgia (N=46) or both (N=99). |
Ability to afford basic needs |
MP pain intensity |
Economic hardship scale |
Numeric rating scale |
The interaction between daily financial worry and economic hardship on pain was significant even after controlling for the influence of level 2 control variables (economic hardship, age, neuroticism, diagnostic group, and working status) (β = .47, SE .23, p .04). |
Ochsmann et al.66 Ochsmann EB, Rueger H, Letzel S, Drexler H, Muenster E. Over-indebtedness and its association with the prevalence of back pain. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:451. Germany |
Cross-sectional (949) |
Gender: M (n=446); F (n=499) Age: 18-79 yr. 80.8% actual back pain A representative sample of the German general population (n = 8318) was used as non-indebted reference group. |
Over-indebtedness |
LBP |
Counselling agencies questions on over-indebtedness |
Self-reported low back pain
|
Being over indebted was identified as an independent effect modifier and was associated with higher odds of suffering from low back pain (aOR:10.92, 95% CI: 8.96 - 13.46). |