Energy values and metabolizability coefficients of maize kernels with different specific gravities

Batista, Lucas Ferreira; Viana, Eduardo de Faria; Arnhold, Emmanuel; Café, Marcos Barcellos; Leite, Carla Daniela Suguimoto; Stringhini, José Henrique

doi:10.1590/1809-6891v24e-74343E

home Sumário navigate_before Anterior Atual Seguinte navigate_next

home Sumário

Animal science / Research article • Cienc. anim. bras. 24 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-6891v24e-74343E linkcopy

Energy values and metabolizability coefficients of maize kernels with different specific gravities

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the specific gravity of maize kernels on physicochemical traits, energy values, and metabolizability coefficients. Pearson’s correlations were evaluated between specific gravity (kg/m³) and crude protein (%); ether extract (%); crude fiber (%); gross energy (%); presence of fumonisins (ppb) and aflatoxins (ppb); and kernel quality (good, rotten, weevil-damaged, broken, and shriveled kernels, %). A metabolism trial was conducted with diets containing maize fractions of different specific gravities for male broilers from 14 to 21 days of age. Apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn), and the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter (MC_DM), crude protein (MC_CP), ether extract (MC_EE), calcium (MC_Ca), and phosphorus (MC_P) were evaluated. The experiment consisted of five treatments (reference diet and diets with 40% replaced with maize at five specific gravities (740, 740, 760, or 800 kg/m³). Eight replications were used, totaling 400 broilers chickens. The Scott-Knott test was applied and regression equations were fitted to compare the treatments. Specific gravity had moderate correlations with good and broken kernels and low-magnitude correlations with chemical parameters. Increasing specific gravities caused AME and AMEn to increase linearly when analyzed on an as-is basis; and to respond quadratically when expressed on a dry-matter basis. The specific gravity of 780 kg/m³ provided the lowest MC_DM, MC_CP, MC_Ca, and MC_P values, whereas the lowest MC_EE, was found at the lowest density. It was not possible to determine the best nutritional composition or the best metabolizability coefficients.

Keywords: apparent metabolizable energy; chemical analysis; correlation; regression

Feed composition	Inclusion level	Calculated nutritional composition		Nutritional level
Ingredient	kg/t	Apparent metabolizable energy	kcal	2900
Ground maize	632.04	Crude protein	%	19
Soybean meal 45%	303.000	Digestible arginine	%	1.157
Soybean oil	9.000	Digestible lysine	%	1.000
Dicalcium phosphate	20.000	Digestible methionine	%	0.433
Fine limestone 39%	11.000	Digestible methionine + cystine	%	0.660
Salt	2.900	Digestible tryptophan	%	0.200
Microencapsulated organic acids and essential oils¹	2.000	Digestible threonine	%	0.632
Soybean meal 45%	7.826	Digestible leucine	%	1.345
Sodium bicarbonate	2.470	Digestible valine	%	0.753
Methionine powder 99%	2.100	Digestible histidine	%	1.103
L-lysine 78%	1.160	Crude fat	%	4.443
L-threonine 98%	0.045
Choline chloride 60%	1.370	Crude fiber	%	3.100
Prebiotic²	0.400	Calcium	%	1.000
Probiotic	0.200	Available phosphorus	%	0.480
Tylosin 25%	0.220
BHT	0.100
Adsorbent³	1.500
Mineral premix⁴	1.200
Vitamin premix⁵	1.000
Total (kg)	1000.000

	N samples	Mean	Maximum	Minimum	SD	CV (%)
Moisture	854	12.55	14.5	9.40	1.16	9.24
Good kernels (%)	664	96.44	98.76	93.34	1.06	1.09
Rotten kernels (%)	810	1.34	2.63	0.24	0.56	4.15
Damaged kernels (%)	670	0.45	1.21	0.10	0.3	68.67
Shriveled kernels (%)	563	0.43	0.68	0.06	0.12	54.07
Broken kernels (%)	805	1.63	4.14	0.32	0.69	42.15
Gravity (kg/m³)	790	738.80	794.20	700.20	26.59	3.37
Ether extract	839	3.79	4.4	3.34	0.25	6.78
Crude protein	664	7.41	8.14	6.94	0.34	4.7
Crude fiber	823	1.73	2.09	1.40	0.13	7.85
Aflatoxins (ppb)	103	2.49	4.00	2.00	0.74	29.69
Fumonisins (ppb)	320	1845	5800	0.45	2040	110.5

	MOIST	CF	CP	GOOD	DAM	ROT	SHR	BRK	GRV	AFL	FUM
EE	0^ns	-0.2**	0.36**	-0.11**	-0.12**	0.33^ns	0^ns	0.19**	-0.15**	0.11^ns	0.36**
MOIST		0.05^ns	-0.21**	-0.22**	0.02^ns	0.16^ns	0.03^ns	0.32**	-0.76**	-0.3**	-0.40**
CF			-0.13**	0.05^ns	0^ns	-0.41*	-0.03^ns	-0.04^ns	0.01^ns	-0.26**	-0.27*
CP				0.07^ns	-0.23**	0.20^ns	0.02^ns	0.04^ns	0.08^ns	0.07^ns	0.63*
GOOD					-0.40**	-0.13^ns	-0.38**	-0.70**	0.33**	-0.06^ns	0.01^ns
DAM						-0.30^ns	0.29**	0^ns	-0.05^ns	0.01^ns	0.01^ns
ROT							0.33^ns	0.13^ns	-0.09^ns	-0.16^ns	0.81**
SHR								0.20**	-0.07^ns	0.13^ns	0.06^ns
BRK									-0.41**	0.02^ns	-0.05^ns
GRV										0.28**	0.43**
AFL											0.26**

Variable	Reference diet	Maize specific gravity (kg/m³)
Variable	Reference diet	740	760	780	800
Gross energy (kcal/g)	3866	3893	3912	3895	3982
Ether extract (%)	4.4	3.51	4.1	3.96	3.68
Dry matter (%)	89.09	90.00	89.00	89.40	88.05
Crude fiber (%)	1.4	1.89	1.54	1.48	1.62
Crude protein (%)	7.97	7.58	7.85	7.74	7.64
Good kernels (%)	96.36	95.54	97.04	95.37	96.02
Rotten kernels (%)	2.42	2.48	1.45	1.91	2.87
Damaged kernels (%)	0	0.83	0.42	0	0
Shriveled kernels (%)	0.65	0.42	0.29	0.25	0.12
Impurities (%)	0.02	0.06	0.03	0.17	0.12
Broken kernels (%)	0.47	0.42	0.51	2.26	0.84
Density (kg/m³)	761.6	741.6	763.9	781.9	791.1
Aflatoxins (ppb)	2	2	2	2	0
Fumonisins (ppb)	4600	2800	4400	5300	4600

	Maize specific gravity (kg/m³)				CV (%)	Regression equation	R² adjusted	Max/Min (Y)	Critical value (X)
	740	760	780	800	CV (%)	Regression equation	R² adjusted	Max/Min (Y)	Critical value (X)
AME_DM	3694.11^a	3694.74^b	3694.11^b	3698.22^a	0.06	Y = 6289.181 -6.74635x+0.004384x²	0.36	3693.98	769.36
AMEn_DM	3506.49^a	3503.45^b	3502.55^b	3507.29^a	0.06	Y = 6383.393 -7.49033x +0.004869x²	0.47	3502.51	769.22
AME_FM	3327.88^a	3288.31^c	3302.53^b	3256.28^d	0.06	Y= 4065.916 -1.002806x	0.73
AMEnM_FM	3155.84^a	3118.07^c	3131.28^b	3088.17^d	0.06	Y=3854.075 -0.949x	0.75
MC_DM	74.36^a	74.30^b	74.26^b	74.29^b	0.08	Y= 75.27513 -0.001256x	0.13
MC_CP	65.15	65.11	65.13	65.05	0.18	Y= 66.24825 -0.001475x	0.04*
MC_EE	79.75^b	79.87^a	79.95^a	79.87^a	0.12	Y= 1.441 +0.201794x-0.00013x²	0.31	79.93	778.00
MC_Ca	42.72^a	42.61^a	41.96^b	42.57^a	0.37	Y = 315.117 -0.703288x +0.000453x²	0.39	42.22	776.04
MC_P	33.71^a	33.60^a	32.90^b	33.55^a	0.58	Y= 321.2755 -0.742275x +0.000478x²	0.36	33.18	776.23

vertical_align_top file_download show_chart

more_horizclose
- image
- translate
- link
- article
- vertical_align_top
- file_download
- show_chart
- image
- translate
- link
- article

location_on

Universidade Federal de Goiás Universidade Federal de Goiás, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus II, Caixa Postal 131, CEP: 74001-970, Tel.: (55 62) 3521-1568, Fax: (55 62) 3521-1566 - Goiânia - GO - Brazil
E-mail: revistacab@gmail.com

rss_feed Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

[TFN1] ¹Gallinat⁺; ²Actigen; ³Esterified glucomannan; ⁴Mineral premix per kilogram of feed: manganese 90 mg; zinc 75 mg; iron 60 mg; copper 9.75 mg; iodine 1.20 mg. ⁵Vitamin Premix per kg of feed: selenium 0.30 mg; vitamin A10,000 IU; vitamin D3 2,500 IU; vitamin E 25 mg; vitamin K3 2 mg; vitamin B1 2.50 mg; vitamin B2 6.50 mg; vitamin B6 3.50 mg; vitamin B12 18 mcg; folic acid 1.20 mg; pantothenic acid 15 mg; niacin 42 mg; biotin 80 mcg, ethoxyquin 166 mg.