Kwarciak et al. (2009a)
Kwarciak, A. M., Sisto, S. A., Yarossi, M., Price, R., Komaroff, E., & Boninger, M. L. (2009a). Redefining the manual wheelchair stroke cycle: identification and impact of nonpropulsive pushrim contact. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 90(1), 20-26. PMid:19154825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2008.07.013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2008.07...
/EUA
|
IV |
To create a comprehensive definition of the MWC propulsion cycle and demonstrate its clinical benefit. |
n=54
(44 men and 10 women);
Mean injury time:
14.4 years (±10.4);
Mean age: 40.7 years old (±11.3);
Bodyweight: 76.6 kg (±16.4) |
Kinetic and kinematic data were collected during MWC propulsion on the dynamometer. |
The propulsion cycle was divided into: contact phase (initial contact, propulsion, and release) and recovery phase;
The initial contact and release periods were considered as non-propulsive moments of the hand's contact with the rim;
The loss of power and the increase in the braking moment occurs as the impulse speed increases during the initial contact and release periods;
The use of a propulsion pattern with the hands below the rim during the initial contact period decreasing the braking moment and increasing power. |
Raina et al. (2012)
Raina, S., Mcnitt-Gray, J., Mulroy, S., & Requejo, P. (2012). Effect of choice of recovery patterns on handrim kinetics in manual wheelchair users with paraplegia and tetraplegia. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 35(3), 148-155. PMid:22507024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2045772312Y.0000000013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2045772312Y.00...
/EUA
|
IV |
To determine whether the magnitude of the hand/forearm speed and the reaction force depends on the propulsion technique. |
n=34
(31 men and 3 women);
Mean injury time: WD;
Mean age: WD;
Mean body weight:
74.5 kg (±12) |
Kinetic and kinematic data were collected during the MWC propulsion on the stationary ergometer. |
Participants with paraplegia preferably used the SLOP standard in comparison to other standards (ARCH and SC);
The speed of the hand/forearm before contact with the rim was correlated with the effective force during propulsion;
There was no correlation between the reaction force and the propulsion patterns. |
Requejo et al. (2015)
Requejo, P. S., Mulroy, S. J., Ruparel, P., Hatchett, P. E., Haubert, L. L., Eberly, V. J., & Gronley, J. K. (2015). Relationship between hand contact angle and shoulder loading during manual wheelchair propulsion by individuals with paraplegia. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 21(4), 313-324. PMid:26689696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1310/sci2104-313.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1310/sci2104-313...
/EUA
|
IV |
To investigate the relationships between the location of the hand in the periods of initial contact and release, and propulsion characteristics, reaction forces, and shoulder kinetics during propulsion. |
n=222
(198 men and 24 women);
Mean injury time:
9.3 years
(± 6.1);
Man age: 34.7 years old (± 9.3);
Mean body weight:
74.4 kg (±15.9)
|
Kinetic and kinematic data were collected during MWC propulsion on the stationary ergometer. |
PCA and ARA of the hand reduced cadence and greater distance between cycles. Only ARA was associated with increased speed;
ARA increased forces in the rim and over the shoulder as well as in the moments of adductors and external rotators;
The PCA increased the posterior strength and shoulder flexor moments. |
Yang et al. (2012)
Yang, Y. S., Koontz, A. M., Yeh, S. J., & Chang, J. J. (2012). Effect of backrest height on wheelchair propulsion biomechanics for level and uphill conditions. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 93(4), 654-659. PMid:22325682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2011.10.023.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2011.10...
/Twain
|
IV |
To evaluate the effect of backrest height on kinematics and kinetics during propulsion. |
n= (26 men and
10 women);
Mean injury time:
11.88 years (±8.4);
Man age: 39.1 years old (±10.5);
Mean body weight: WD |
Kinetic and kinematic data were collected during MWC propulsion on the motorized treadmill in level or inclined condition (3rd), using a low or high backrest. |
The use of the low backrest allowed greater shoulder ROM, reduced cadence and increased angle, and impulse time, regardless of the leveling or inclination of the treadmill. |
Collinger et al. (2008)
Collinger, J. L., Boninger, M. L., Koontz, A. M., Price, R., Sisto, S. A., Tolerico, M. L., & Cooper, R. A. (2008). Shoulder biomechanics during the push phase of wheelchair propulsion: a multisite study of persons with paraplegia. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89(4), 667-676. PMid:18373997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2007.09.052.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2007.09...
/EUA
|
IV |
To show a descriptive and comparative analysis of the kinetics and kinematics of the shoulder during MWC propulsion. |
n=61
(49 men and 12 women);
Mean injury time:
14.6 years (±10.5);
Man age: 43.1 years old (±12);
Mean body weight:
75.9 kg (±14) |
Kinetic and kinematic data were collected during MWC propulsion on the dynamometer at different speeds
(auto-selected;
0.9 m/s, 1.8 m/s). |
46% of participants reported experiences of shoulder pain before the study;
The weight of the participants was the main factor to increase the forces and moments of the shoulder during the propulsion;
Shoulder strengths and moments increased with increasing speed. |
Mulroy et al. (2015)
Mulroy, S. J., Hatchett, P., Eberly, V. J., Haubert, L. L., Conners, S., & Requejo, P. S. (2015). Shoulder strength and physical activity predictors of shoulder pain in people with paraplegia from spinal injury: prospective cohort study. Physical Therapy, 95(7), 1027-1038. PMid:25721123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20130606.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20130606...
/EUA
|
III-2 |
To determine predictors of shoulder joint pain in people with paraplegia. |
n= 223
(198 men and
25 women);
Mean injury time:
9.3 years (±6.2);
Man age: 34.7 years old (±9.3);
Mean body weight:
74.1 kg (±16.3) |
Participants were assessed for shoulder pain for 3 years using WUSPI.
Daily activity variables (mean speed and propulsion distance; transfer and sports participation) and shoulder torque variables were measured. |
Among
201 participants, 39.8% developed shoulder pain.
The daily activity variables and the baseline maximum isometric torque were lower in those who developed shoulder pain.
The adduction torque of the shoulder was considered a predictor of pain onset. However, none of the factors were considered to be strong predictors of shoulder pain. |
Gil-Agudo et al. (2014)
Gil-Agudo, Á., Solís-Mozos, M., Crespo-Ruiz, B., Del-Ama Eng, A. J., Pérez-Rizo, E., Segura-Fragoso, A., & Jiménez-Díaz, F. (2014). Echographic and kinetic changes in the shoulder joint after manual wheelchair propulsion under two different workload settings. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2, 77. PMid:25566539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2014.00077.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2014.000...
/Spain
|
IV |
To assess changes in the shoulder using ultrasound after low and high-intensity propulsion. |
n= 14 men;
Mean injury time:
7.51 years
(± 4.56);
Man age: 35.2 years old (± 6.11);
Mean body weight: 68.3 kg (± 8.96) |
The magnitude of forces and shoulder moments increased during the high-intensity task; |
The magnitude of forces and shoulder moments increased during the
high-intensity task;
increase in reaction forces was correlated with an increase in the thickness of the mm tendon, biceps brachii and with a decrease in subacromial space;
There were no changes through ultrasound. |
Gil-Agudo et al. (2015)
Gil-Agudo, A., Mozos, M. S., Ruiz, B. C., Del-Ama, A. J., Pérez-Rizo, E., Segura-Fragoso, A., & Jiménez-Díaz, F. (2015). Shoulder kinetics and ultrasonography changes after performing a high-intensity task in spinal cord injury subjects and healthy controls. Spinal Cord, 54(4), 277-282. PMid:26282495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.2015.140.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.2015.140...
/Spain
|
III-2 |
To compare changes in shoulder strengths and moments and ultrasound changes in MWC users and non-MWC users during high-intensity activity. |
The WC Group with SCI:
n= 22 men;
Mean injury time:
8.73 years (±7.08);
Man age: 35.5 years old (±7.06);
Mean body weight: 68.66 kg (±10.76);
The group without SCI:
n= 12 men;
Man age: 31.3 years old (±7.46);
Mean body weight:
73.87 kg (±11.54) |
Participants in each group performed
high-intensity propulsion on the motorized treadmill. |
The strengths and shoulder moments of the MWC users increased when compared to the control group. There were no changes through ultrasound. |
Russell et al. (2015)
Russell, I. M., Raina, S., Requejo, P. S., Wilcox, R. R., Mulroy, S., & McNitt-Gray, J. L. (2015). Modifications in wheelchair propulsion technique with speed. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 3(171), 171. PMid:26579513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2015.00171.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2015.001...
/EUA
|
IV |
To determine how MWC users modify the UL mechanics as the propulsion speed increases. |
n=40
(32 men and 8 women);
Mean injury time:
8.25 years;
Man age:
35 years old;
Mean body weight:
74.5 kg (±18) |
The UL kinematics and the reaction forces generated in the rim were measured during the propulsion of free and fast speed in the stationary ergometer. |
The increase in the propulsion speed reduced the contact time with the rim and increased the magnitude of the reaction forces;
The magnitude of the shoulder moment does not necessarily correspond to the increase in speed, but it can be changed according to the UL orientation. |
Rice et al. (2009)
Rice, I., Impink, B., Niyonkuru, C., & Boninger, M. (2009). Manual wheelchair stroke characteristics during an extended period of propulsion. Spinal Cord, 47(5), 413-417. PMid:19002155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.2008.139.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.2008.139...
/EUA
|
IV |
To examine the characteristics of the thrust and changes that may occur during propulsion. |
n=21
(19 men and
2 women);
Mean injury time:
19.1 (±8.8);
Man age: 44.8 years old (±9.6);
Mean body weight:
79 kg (±14.96) |
Kinetic data were recorded for 10 min. at a speed of
1.4 m/s. |
The maximum reaction force decreased as the pulse times and the propulsion cycle increased. |
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