A1 |
Case Report: ASI intervention on a child with autism in Saudi Arabia |
Alkhalifah et al. |
2022 |
The 8 steps of Data-Driven Decision Making (DDDM) were used to apply the intervention in ASI®. The article states that the use of the distal and proximal results were helpful in demonstrating the link between underlying sensory integration challenges to occupations and ADLs. They also state that the use of DDDM was relevant for the formulation of hypotheses. |
A2 |
Effectiveness of occupational therapy using a sensory integration approach: A multiple-baseline design study |
Andelin et al. |
2021 |
The article highlights the relevance of using the DDDM to generate hypotheses about the processing and sensory integration factors that affect the child's motor performance. The hypotheses helped in the development of sensorimotor activities individually adapted to address these factors. |
A3 |
Occupational Therapy Interventions for Children and Youth With Challenges in Sensory Integration and Sensory Processing: A Clinic-Based Practice Case Example |
Parham et al. |
2019 |
The DDDM allows a comprehensive assessment of sensory processing and integration to be performed. The use of evaluative data contributes to raising hypotheses about the factors that affect occupational performance and participation. It contributes to setting goals, being relevant for measuring results and monitoring progress. |
A4 |
Efficacy of occupational therapy using Ayres Sensory Integration®: A systematic review |
Schaaf et al. |
2018 |
This research demonstrated that the use of replicable measures and intervention protocols encourage evidence-based practice and greater fidelity to the ASI® Therapy, contributing to the advancement of best practices for children with ASD with sensory processing difficulties. |
A5 |
Identifying and Measuring Outcomes in Ayres Sensory Integration |
May-Benson et al. |
2018 |
This article discusses the use of DDDM to identify and measure distal and proximal results in ASI®. It emphasizes that identifying and measuring the results of participation and performance of occupations is an important component in the occupational therapy process. It highlights that in the ASI® intervention, changes in proximal factors, such as sensory and motor skills, are seen as a means of improving functioning in distal factors, such as: occupational performance, quality of life and participation. As with most occupational therapy interventions, distal outcomes based on participation are of primary importance. It also highlights the importance of a careful selection of outcome measures for advancing existing evidence and practices within the ASI®. |
A6 |
The Development of a Measurement Tool Evaluating Knowledge Related to Sensory Processing among Graduate Occupational Therapy Students: A Process Description |
Gee et al. |
2017 |
The article describes that although there are resources available for occupational therapists to guide their interventions within the ASI®, such as the DDDM, this process has not been widely reported in the literature. And, although occupational therapy has placed greater emphasis on generating evidence, at undergraduate level there is little focus on how to teach students about a formalized process that determines when and how to use evidence-based interventions, highlighting the need for continuing education. |
A7 |
Application of data-driven decision making using Ayres Sensory Integration® With a child with autism |
Faller et al. |
2016 |
The article points out that the structured format of the DDDM facilitated the use of the systematic process by the occupational therapist and provided a method for describing the reasoning process, including a data-based rationale for treatment decisions. The process allowed the occupational therapist to engage in a client-centered practice, individualizing the intervention to target specific underlying sensorimotor factors identified through the collection and analysis of assessment data. The DDDM allows the occupational therapist to systematically and clearly document the results and is useful to inform parents about the progress made with the ASI® intervention, increasing the evidence regarding the effectiveness of this method. |
A8 |
Linking sensory factors to participation: establishing intervention goals with parents for children with autism spectrum disorder |
Schaaf et al. |
2015 |
According to this article, the DDDM is a structured process that helps occupational therapists link identified parent priorities to underlying factors (proximal) that may be affecting occupational performance and participation (distal). Once these factors are related, they guide the design and selection of intervention strategies that target priority areas. The DDDM makes it possible to identify the family's goals, strengths, and challenges of child participation, through a systematic assessment to formulate the hypothetical factors that affect participation. From this, the professional formulates targeted goals that link the factors identified in the assessment process to the goal areas identified by the parents. The process, therefore, creates evidence through practice, which is evidence-based. |
A9 |
Creating Evidence for Practice Using Data-Driven Decision Making |
Schaaf |
2015 |
The main implication of DDDM in occupational therapy, according to the article, is the scientific validation of the profession, since DDDM is a mechanism for generating evidence through practice and the use of data. It also points out that, although the TO literature presents the importance of an evidence-based, systematic and data-oriented practice, professionals do not use these mechanisms to guide and measure their interventions. Among some identified barriers are: lack of time, knowledge and skills, and the belief that evidence may limit their ability to provide client - or family-centered care. |
A10 |
An intervention for sensory difficulties in children with autism: A randomized trial. |
Schaaf et al. |
2014 |
The article demonstrates that the use of the DDDM allows for the individual customization of treatment activities through evaluative data and the formulation of hypotheses about the sensorimotor factors that affect the child's functional behaviors. The results of the article provide preliminary support for the effectiveness of a manual intervention designed to address sensory information processing and integration difficulties for children with ASD. |
A11 |
Occupational therapy based on Ayres Sensory Integration in the treatment of retentive fecal incontinence in a 3-year-old boy |
Bellefeuill et al. |
2013 |
It presents the intervention process based on DDDM, showing that it can be used with children with diagnoses other than ASD. The case study demonstrates the use of systematic reasoning systems using the DDDM as an example for generating evidence during clinical practice. Emphasizes proximal and distal results and hypotheses. |
A12 |
Occupational therapy and sensory integration for children with autism: a feasibility, safety, acceptability and fidelity study. |
Schaaf et al. |
2012 |
The data-driven intervention process was extremely valuable to the occupational therapists, allowing them to implement the intervention with high fidelity. In addition, the manual protocol provided guidance to the therapist throughout the process, maintaining fidelity to the principles and practices described in the ASI® Fidelity Measure©. The scaled, standardized method of documenting the individual's progress toward goals was helpful in identifying changes in performance and participation linked to sensory integration and processing. The protocol, therefore, proved to be safe, acceptable, and feasible to be administered with children with autism. |
A13 |
Emerging as Leaders in Autism Research and Practice: Using the Data-Driven Intervention Process |
Schaaf & Blanche |
2012 |
The study identified that the data-driven intervention process allows occupational therapists to systematically identify and test their clinical reasoning by providing data on intervention effects. Ultimately, this process allows therapists to validate occupational therapy interventions. |