Sensory profile applications in adolescents and adults in the health care: a narrative review of the literature

Goycolea Martinic, Rodrigo Fernando; Sepúlveda Angulo, Camila Betzabet; Silva Henríquez, Camila Fernanda; Romero-Ayuso, Dulce María

doi:10.1590/2526-8910.ctoAR270635302

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Review Article • Cad. Bras. Ter. Ocup. 32 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2526-8910.ctoAR270635302 copy

Sensory profile applications in adolescents and adults in the health care: a narrative review of the literature

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Introduction

Understanding the type of sensory information processed and the reactions to various sensory stimuli is critical for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in adolescents and adults. This literature review explores the different applications of three of the most commonly used instruments for assessing sensory modulation from adolescence.

Objective

To identify and synthesize the existing information about the applications of the sensory profile for adolescents and adults, as well as the sensory processing questionnaire.

Method

Narrative review of the literature in which was conducted a sensitivity test to establish keywords and identify relevant data sources. The research was carried out using databases such as WOS, Scopus, SciELO, LILACS, and the Chilean Journal of Occupational Therapy, covering the period from 2002 to January 2023, following predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria.

Results

A total of 64 articles were analyzed where the findings were that the use of the sensory profile instrument for adolescents and adults is used in more than 20 pathologies and also in healthy population. The sensory processing questionnaire is in the initial stage of application and validation of the instrument in several countries.

Conclusion

This is the first narrative literature review of the three sensory processing assessment instruments available for adolescents and adults. These three clinical instruments are complementary and provide relevant information to the clinician for diagnosing sensory processing and guiding occupational therapy intervention.

Keywords:
Occupational Therapy; Adolescent; Adult; Modalities; Sensorial

Pathology/Condition	Sensory problem from the adolescent/adult sensory profile	Source	Ranking Scimago
1. Atopic dermatitis	Sensory hypersensitivity	Engel-Yeger et al. (2011)Engel-Yeger, B., Mimouni, D., Rozenman, D., & Shani-Adir, A. (2011). Sensory processing patterns of adults with atopic dermatitis: sensory patterns in atopic dermatitis. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 25(2), 152-156.	Q1
2. Characteristics of trait anxiety and anxiety disorder.	Central and processing sensitization. Extreme sensory reactivity.	Clark et al. (2018)Clark, J. R., Yeowell, G., & Goodwin, P. C. (2018). Trait anxiety and sensory processing profile characteristics in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain and central sensitisation: a pilot observational study. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 22(4), 909-916.	Q2
2. Characteristics of trait anxiety and anxiety disorder.		Engel-Yeger & Dunn (2011a)Engel-Yeger, B., & Dunn, W. (2011a). Exploring the relationship between affect and sensory processing patterns in adults. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 74(10), 456-464.	Q2
3. Autism spectrum disorder.	These studies show abnormal sensory sensitivity. hyper and hyposensitivity. It shows that people with ASD who react abnormally to sensory stimuli also exhibit atypical brain activity when recognizing faces. Abnormal sensory processing may partly explain the difficulty people diagnosed with ASD have identifying others' faces. The results showed that the responses that the children provided on the four AASP subscales of parents with multiple ASD children differed significantly from those of parents with typically developing children. Parents responded to a survey to describe their children's behavior.	Bijlenga et al. (2017)Bijlenga, D., Tjon-Ka-Jie, J. Y. M., Schuijers, F., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2017). Atypical sensory profiles as core features of adult ADHD, irrespective of autistic symptoms. European Psychiatry, 43, 51-57.	Q1
Sensory processing atypicalities may share genetic influences with autism spectrum disorder.	The findings suggest specific neural mechanisms for greater perceptual ability and better bottom-up processing of sensory stimuli in people with autism.	Kuno-Fujita et al. (2020)Kuno-Fujita, A., Iwabuchi, T., Wakusawa, K., Ito, H., Suzuki, K., Shigetomi, A., Kosaka, H., Tsujii, M., & Tsuchiya, K. J. (2020). Sensory processing patterns and fusiform activity during face processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Research, 13(5), 741-750.	Q1
Atypical sensory reactivity in people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)	Participants reported difficulties in at least one sensory domain, with hearing affecting them most. Content analysis revealed sensory sensitivity to affect participant learning and that sensory experiences were largely negative. The results suggest that schools need to create sensory profiles for each individual with autism spectrum status.	Donaldson et al. (2017)Donaldson, C. K., Stauder, J. E. A., & Donkers, F. C. L. (2017). Increased sensory processing atypicalities in parents of multiplex ASD families versus typically developing and simplex ASD families. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(3), 535-548.	Q1
	These results confirm the presence of atypical sensory processing in adolescents with ASD. We argue that reduced sensation seeking could be a candidate for an intermediate phenotype.	Karhson & Golob (2016)Karhson, D. S., & Golob, E. J. (2016). Atypical sensory reactivity influences auditory attentional control in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research, 9(10), 1079-1092.	Q1
		Howe & Stagg (2016)Howe, F. E., & Stagg, S. D. (2016). How sensory experiences affect adolescents with an autistic spectrum condition within the classroom. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(5), 1656-1668.	Q1
		De la Marche et al. (2012)De la Marche, W., Steyaert, J., & Noens, I. (2012). Atypical sensory processing in adolescents with an autism spectrum disorder and their non-affected siblings. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(2), 639-645.	Q2
4. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.	Abnormal sensory sensitivity. hyper and hyposensitivity.	Bijlenga et al. (2017)Bijlenga, D., Tjon-Ka-Jie, J. Y. M., Schuijers, F., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2017). Atypical sensory profiles as core features of adult ADHD, irrespective of autistic symptoms. European Psychiatry, 43, 51-57.	Q1
5. Major affective disorder such as depression.	Sensory hypersensitivity affecting sleep efficiency and related daytime dysfunction.	Engel-Yeger et al. (2017)Engel-Yeger, B., Gonda, X., Walker, M., Rihmer, Z., Pompili, M., Amore, M., & Serafini, G. (2017). Sensory hypersensitivity predicts reduced sleeping quality in patients with major affective disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 23(1), 11-24.	Q1
6. Obsessive compulsive disorder	Evidence of differences in sensory processing compared to the general population.	Rieke & Anderson (2009)Rieke, E. F., & Anderson, D. (2009). Adolescent/adult sensory profile and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63(2), 138-145.	Q1
7. Diabetes	Difficulties in sensory processing and their impact on quality of life.	Engel-Yeger & Dunn (2011b)Engel-Yeger, B., & Dunn, W. (2011b). The relations between sensory processing difficulties and anxiety level of healthy adults. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 74(5), 210-216.	Q2
7. Diabetes		Engel-Yeger et al. (2017)Engel-Yeger, B., Gonda, X., Walker, M., Rihmer, Z., Pompili, M., Amore, M., & Serafini, G. (2017). Sensory hypersensitivity predicts reduced sleeping quality in patients with major affective disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 23(1), 11-24.	Q1
8. Cerebrovascular accident	Early intervention from the sensory point of view. Auditory System.	Chung & Song (2016)Chung, S. M., & Song, B. K. (2016). Evaluation of sensory processing abilities following stroke using the adolescent/adult sensory profile: implications for individualized intervention. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(10), 2852-2856.	No ranking
8. Cerebrovascular accident		Demopoulos et al. (2015)Demopoulos, C., Arroyo, M. S., Dunn, W., Strominger, Z., Sherr, E. H., & Marco, E. (2015). Individuals with agenesis of the corpus callosum show sensory processing differences as measured by the sensory profile. Neuropsychology, 29(5), 751-758.	Q1
9. Posttraumatic stress	A higher prevalence of extreme sensory sensitivity, avoidance, and low registration was found among the study group. These patterns were significantly correlated with the deterioration of emotional responses associated with intimacy. Low registration and group membership increase the likelihood of having fears of intimacy.	Engel-Yeger et al. (2015)Engel-Yeger, B., Palgy-Levin, D., & Lev-Wiesel, R. (2015). Predicting fears of intimacy among individuals with post-traumatic stress symptoms by their sensory profile. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 78(1), 51-57.	Q2
9. Posttraumatic stress	The presence of sensory modulation challenges may help explain the symptoms of hyperarousal, avoidance/desensitization, and Criterion E cited in the Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.) (DSM-5-TR) regarding post-traumatic stress disorder	Kimball (2023)Kimball, J. G. (2023). Sensory modulation challenges: one missing piece in the diagnosis and treatment of veterans with PTSD. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 39(3), 314-331.	Q4
10. Body Mass Index in adolescents.	The greater the body mass, the greater the sensory problems affecting adolescents' participation in activities.	Delahunt & Mische Lawson (2017)Delahunt, J. Z., & Mische Lawson, L. A. (2017). Relationships between adolescent body mass index, physical activity, and sensory-processing patterns. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 84(3), 189-198.	Q2
11. ADHD and ASD University students and general population.	Sensory problems between ADHD and ASD are similar but compared to the general population they differ substantially.	Clince et al. (2016)Clince, M., Connolly, L., & Nolan, C. (2016). Comparing and exploring the sensory processing patterns of higher education students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70(2), 7002250010p1.	Q1
	The ADHD group had significantly worse body functions, sensory processing (i.e., low registration, sensory sensitivity, and sensation avoidance patterns), sleep quality, and work performance compared to the control group. For adults with ADHD, sensory sensitivity accounted for 10.9% and sleep quality for 22.0% of the variance in their work performance compared to the control group.	Grinblat & Rosenblum (2022)Grinblat, N., & Rosenblum, S. (2022). Work participation, sensory processing and sleep quality in adults with attention-deficit hyperactive disorder. Work, 73(4), 1235-1244.	No ranking
12. Young people High clinical risk for psychosis.	Active avoidance, increased sensitivity, reduced seeking and reduced registration of sensations in everyday life. Compared with young people at low clinical risk for psychosis and the general population.	Parham et al. (2019)Parham, L. D., Roush, S., Downing, D. T., Michael, P. G., & McFarlane, W. R. (2019). Sensory characteristics of youth at clinical high risk for psychosis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 13(2), 264-271.	Q2
13. Unipolar and Bipolar Disorders.	Lower registration of sensory stimuli and hypersensitivity correlate with childhood traumatic events.	Serafini et al. (2016)Serafini, G., Gonda, X., Pompili, M., Rihmer, Z., Amore, M., & Engel-Yeger, B. (2016). The relationship between sensory processing patterns, alexithymia, traumatic childhood experiences, and quality of life among patients with unipolar and bipolar disorders. Child Abuse & Neglect, 62, 39-50.	Q1
13. Unipolar and Bipolar Disorders.	Sensory profile in people with unipolar and bipolar affective disorders.	Engel-Yeger et al. (2018a)Engel-Yeger, B., Bloch, B., Gonda, X., Canepa, G., Pompili, M., Sher, L., Rihmer, Z., Amore, M., & Serafini, G. (2018a). Sensory profiles in unipolar and bipolar affective disorders: possible predictors of response to antidepressant medications? A prospective follow-up study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 240, 237-246.	Q1
14. Impulsivity.	The results suggest that individuals with low registration are more impulsive. When helping clients manage impulsivity, occupational therapists should consider their sensory processing patterns and use interventions that address this aspect.	Hebert (2015)Hebert, K. (2015). The association between impulsivity and sensory processing patterns in healthy adults. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 78(4), 232-240.	Q2
15. Healthy adults and older people	Dunns model of sensory processing: An investigation of the axes of the four-quadrant model in healthy adults.	Metz et al. (2019)Metz, A. E., Boling, D., DeVore, A., Holladay, H., Liao, J. F., & Vlutch, K. V. (2019). Dunn’s model of sensory processing: an investigation of the axes of the four-quadrant model in healthy adults. Brain Sciences, 9(35), 1-15.	Q3
	Sleep quality was significantly correlated with sensory processing patterns characterized by hypersensitivity. These patterns manifested in specific modalities (tactile, visual, and auditory), which significantly predicted sleep quality.	Engel-Yeger & Shochat (2012)Engel-Yeger, B., & Shochat, T. (2012). The relationship between sensory processing patterns and sleep quality in healthy adults. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 79(3), 134-141.	Q1
	Better recording of sensory information and greater sensory seeking were related to greater occupational participation.	Engel-Yeger & Rosenblum (2017)Engel-Yeger, B., & Rosenblum, S. (2017). The relationship between sensory-processing patterns and occupational engagement among older persons. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 84(1), 10-21.	Q2
	People whose sensory processing patterns are characterized by low sensory registration and sensitivity have poor awareness experience more wandering and distraction in daily life.	Hebert (2016)Hebert, K. (2016). The association between sensory processing styles and mindfulness. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 79(9), 557-564.	Q2
	The resulting subscales (sensitivity, avoidance, registration, and search) had good internal consistency and correlated moderately with the corresponding Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile subscale and her (Brown & Dunn, 2023Brown, C., & Dunn, W. (2023). Development of a participation focused measure of interoception for adults. OTJR, 43(2), 264-270.) A/ASP subscales. The results provide preliminary support for the internal consistency and concurrent validity of interoception (SPI).	Brown & Dunn (2023)Brown, C., & Dunn, W. (2023). Development of a participation focused measure of interoception for adults. OTJR, 43(2), 264-270.	Q1
	It establishes a specific connection between sensory processing patterns and participation in meaningful activities. This research topic demonstrates that sensory processing patterns differ between groups and individuals and that these differences impact their participation in meaningful activities.	Bailliard et al. (2022)Bailliard, A., Dunn, W., Brown, C., & Engel-Yeger, B. (2022). Editorial: meaningful participation and sensory processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1045650.	Q2
16. Drug use.	Relationship between sensory processing, resilience, attitudes and drug use in Portuguese adults.	Borges et al. (2017)Borges, J. M., del Castillo, J. A. G., Marzo, J. C., & del Castillo-López, A. G. (2017). Relationship between sensory processing, resilience, attitudes and drug use in portuguese adults. Paidéia, 27(68), 255-262.	SCIELO
17. Injury to the median or ulnar nerve.	Atypical sensory processing pattern after median or ulnar nerve injury.	Vikström et al. (2018)Vikström, P., Björkman, A., Carlsson, I. K., Olsson, A. K., & Rosén, B. (2018). Atypical sensory processing pattern following median or ulnar nerve injury: a case-control study. BMC Neurology, 18(1), 146.	Q2
18. Relationships	Patterns of extreme sensory processing are strongly related to distress and psychological difficulties	Ben-Avi et al. (2012)Ben-Avi, N., Almagor, M., & Engel-Yeger, B. (2012). Sensory processing difficulties and interpersonal relationships in adults: an exploratory study. Scientific Research, 3(1), 70-77.	No ranking
19. Selective Eating Habits	The results suggest that taste reactivity increases in self-reported process instruments.	Avery et al. (2018)Avery, J. A., Ingeholm, J. E., Wohltjen, S., Collins, M., Riddell, C. D., Gotts, S. J., Kenworthy, L., Wallace, G. L., Simmons, W. K., & Martin, A. (2018). Neural correlates of taste reactivity in autism spectrum disorder. NeuroImage. Clinical, 19, 38-46.	Q1
19. Selective Eating Habits	Sensory processing styles and eating behaviors.	Hebert (2018)Hebert, K. (2018). Sensory processing styles and eating behaviors in healthy adults. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 81(3), 162-170.	Q2
20. Writing Process Affected by Age	Age significantly affects sensory processing and writing pressure, as well as temporal and spatial measures. Both writing time and spatial organization of the written product were predicted by sensory search.	Engel-Yeger et al. (2012)Engel-Yeger, B., Hus, S., & Rosenblum, S. (2012). Age effects on sensory-processing abilities and their impact on handwriting. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 79(5), 264-274.	Q2
21. Nonspecific Low Back Pain	Extreme trait sensory profiles and personality types are related to the extent of pain.	Clark et al. (2019)Clark, J. R., Nijs, J., Smart, K., Holmes, P., Yeowell, G., & Goodwin, P. C. (2019). Prevalence of extreme trait sensory profiles and personality types in nonspecific chronic low back pain with predominant central sensitization: secondary analysis of an international observational study. Pain Physician, 22(3), e181-e190.	Q1
22. Adult with and without Autism	The autism group showed an atypical sensory profile. Processing in the four domains measured from the sensory profile of adolescents and adults including: sensory sensitivity, sensory seeking, sensory avoidance and low registration	Top Junior et al. (2019)Top Junior, D. N., Luke, S. G., Stephenson, K. G., & South, M. (2019). Psychophysiological arousal and auditory sensitivity in a cross-clinical sample of autistic and non-autistic anxious adults. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 783.	Q1
23. Application of physiological parameters such as blinking, temperature, among others	The main result shows that blinking is the main physiological parameter that varies in the non-stressful task of news reading.	Agrigoroaie & Tapus (2018)Agrigoroaie, R., & Tapus, A. (2018). Physiological parameters variation based on the sensory stimuli used by a robot in a news reading task. In Anales de 2018 27th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN) (pp. 618-625), Nanjing, China. New York: IEEE.	No ranking
24. College students afraid of the dentist	Extreme sensory processing patterns appear to be associated with a high level of fear of dental care; Therefore, the difference in sensory processing could play an important role in fear of the dentist.	Ogawa et al. (2019)Ogawa, M., Harano, N., Ono, K., Shigeyama-Tada, Y., Hamasaki, T., & Watanabe, S. (2019). Association between sensory processing and dental fear among female undergraduates in Japan. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 77(7), 525-533.	Q2
25. Adolescents with persistent pain	This study shows that atypical sensory sensors and modulation patterns are associated with poorer function in adolescents with persistent pain, suggesting that individualized sensory input in interventions may facilitate participation in daily activities and improve quality of life.	Sinclair et al. (2019)Sinclair, C., Meredith, P., Strong, J., & Chalkiadis, G. A. (2019). Sensory modulation: an important piece of the disability puzzle for adolescents with persistent pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 35(2), 121-132.	Q1
26. Multiple sclerosis with and without cognitive deficiencies. Multiple sclerosis and anxiety	People with Multiple Sclerosis have sensory processing difficulties regardless of their cognitive abilities, which negatively affect their functional behavior.	Engel-Yeger et al. (2021)Engel-Yeger, B., DeLuca, J., Hake, P., & Goverover, Y. (2021). The role of sensory processing difficulties, cognitive impairment, and disease severity in predicting functional behavior among patients with multiple sclerosis. Disability and Rehabilitation, 43(8), 1129-1136..	Q1
	Sensory processing patterns were significantly associated with trait anxiety and health-related quality of life. Direct and indirect effects of sensory processing patterns identified quality of life related to physical health, and indirect effects were identified in quality of life with mental health.	Stern et al. (2021)Stern, B. Z., Strober, L. B., & Goverover, Y. (2021). Relationship between sensory processing patterns, trait anxiety, and health-related quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Health Psychology, 26(12), 2106-2117.	Q2
27. Functional neurological disorder	Most patients reported sensory processing tendencies toward low registration, sensory sensitivity, and avoidance of sensation.	Ranford et al. (2020)Ranford, J., MacLean, J., Alluri, P. R., Comeau, O., Godena, E., LaFrance Junior, W. C., Hunt, A., Stephen, C. D., & Perez, D. L. (2020). Sensory processing difficulties in functional neurological disorder: a possible predisposing vulnerability? Psychosomatics, 61(4), 343-352.	Q1
28. Depression and anxiety	We can conclude that the neurological threshold of individuals based on the sensory profile could be considered one of the factors related to anxiety and depression.	Khodabakhsh et al. (2020)Khodabakhsh, S., Loh, S. C., & Rosli, N. A. (2020). Relationship between neurological threshold in sensory profile, depression, and anxiety among adults. Pertanika Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 28(1), 605-615.	Q3
29. Severe dementia units in municipal nursing homes	It is a relevant and useful tool to use when behavioral challenges arise among residents living with dementia.	Ravn et al. (2018)Ravn, M. B., Klingberg, T., & Petersen, K. S. (2018). The Adult Sensory Profile™ in care homes targeting people diagnosed with dementia: a qualitative study from the care provider perspective. Rehabilitation Research and Practice, 2018, 5091643.	Q2
30. Adolescents with and without ASD	The results show that high-risk infants and adolescents with ASD exhibit a higher than normal prevalence of unusual sensory behavior patterns.	van Etten et al. (2017)van Etten, H. M., Kaur, M., Srinivasan, S. M., Cohen, S. J., Bhat, A., & Dobkins, K. R. (2017). Increased prevalence of unusual sensory behaviors in infants at risk for, and teens with, autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(11), 3431-3445.	Q2
31. Examined hatha yoga on combat stress symptoms in deployed military personnel, compared their anxiety and sensory processing to civilians in the United States	We found positive correlations between all test measures except sensory search. Sensory search was negatively correlated with all measures except low registration, which was insignificant. Results Support the Use of Sensory-Enhanced Hatha Yoga for Proactive Combat Stress Management in a Group of U.S. Soldiers	Stoller et al. (2012)Stoller, C. C., Greuel, J. H., Cimini, L. S., Fowler, M. S., & Koomar, J. A. (2012). Effects of sensory-enhanced yoga on symptoms of combat stress in deployed military personnel. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66(1), 59-68.	Q1
32. We explored in adults the relationships between sensory modulation and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), social supports, and symptoms of anxiety and depression in mental health.	Several analyzes exploring the relationships between the variables evaluated suggest that sensory response style, whether comparing excessive sensory response and non-excessive sensory response groups or exploring the correlation of the response quadrants of the adolescent/adult sensory profile, appears to be related significantly and differentially with affective mental health symptoms and quality of life indicators, including social participation.	Kinnealey et al. (2011)Kinnealey, M., Koenig, K. P., & Smith, S. (2011). Relationships between sensory modulation and social supports and health-related quality of life. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65(3), 320-327.	Q1
33. Kinesiophobia and sensory processing in patients with fibromyalgia.	Among participants, sensory sensitivity scores of 65.85% and sensation avoidance scores of 40.24% were higher than those of the general population. The sensation seeking scores of 48.78% of the subjects were lower compared to the general population. A significant and weak positive correlation was found between kinesiophobia scores and sensory sensitivity and sensation avoidance responses.	İnal et al. (2020)İnal, Ö., Aras, B., & Salar, S. (2020). Investigation of the relationship between kinesiophobia and sensory processing in fibromyalgia patients. Somatosensory & Motor Research, 37(2), 92-96.	Q4
34. Anorexia nervosa in adolescents	Sensory sensitivity in anorexia nervosa may be a “scarring” symptom due to chronic starvation and may be considered a symptom of the health condition.	Kitajima et al. (2022)Kitajima, T., Otani, R., Inoue, T., Matsushima, N., Matsubara, N., & Sakuta, R. (2022). Sensory processing in children and adolescents shortly after the onset of anorexia nervosa: a pilot study. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 16(1), 27.	Q2

Title	Sensory Processing Questionnaire/Adult	Source	Ranking Scimago
1. Sensory process in Chilean adults and the English population.	11 factors represent hypo or hyper response in sensory systems	Gómez et al. (2016)Gómez, S., Chang, M., Parham, D., & Imperatore, E. (2016). Cuestionario de proceso sensorial en adultos: Comparación de resultados entre población de USA y de Chile: resultados preliminares. Revista Chilena de Terapia Ocupacional, 16(1), 9-16.	No ranking
2. Concurrent validity of the adult sensory processing scale and the adult/adolescent sensory profile.	Sensory integration theory describes how individuals receive, organize, and respond to sensory experiences in the environment. Although much research has been done on children, few studies have been done on sensory processing in adult populations.	Chan et al. (2016)Chan, M., McNell, C., Lord, A., Durand, J., & Langston, E. (2016). Concurrent validity of the adult sensory processing scale and the adult/adolescent sensory profile. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70(4, Suppl. 1), 7011500059p1.	Q1
Assessment of adult sensory processing	It provides useful information about adults' current sensory thresholds along a continuum, possibly informing interventions.	Gómez & Medallón (2022)Gómez, I. N., & Medallón, K. G. (2022). Assessing sensory processing in adults. Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 9(3), 63-67.	Q3

Title	Glasgow Sensory Questionnaire	Source	Ranking Scimago
1. Creation of the Instrument	The Glasgow Sensory Questionnaire is a 42-item measure that captures self-rated hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity to stimuli in seven sensory domains.	Robertson & Simmons (2013)Robertson, A. E., & Simmons, D. R. (2013). The relationship between sensory sensitivity and autistic traits in the general population. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(4), 775-784.	Q1
2. Autistic traits and abnormal sensory experiences in adults	Autistic traits were significantly correlated with the instrument. This relationship was linear across the entire range of instrument scores and was observed in both people with and without an ASD diagnosis.	Horder et al. (2014)Horder, J., Wilson, C. E., Mendez, M. A., & Murphy, D. G. (2014). Autistic traits and abnormal sensory experiences in adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(6), 1461-1469.	Q1
3. Atypical sensory sensitivity as a shared trait between synesthesia and autism	It is concluded that atypical sensory sensitivity is an important characteristic shared between autism and synesthesia.	Ward et al. (2017)Ward, J., Hoadley, C., Hughes, J. E., Smith, P., Allison, C., Baron-Cohen, S., & Simner, J. (2017). Atypical sensory sensitivity as a shared feature between synaesthesia and autism. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 41155.	Q1
4. Subjective sensitivity to exteroceptive and interoceptive processing in highly sensitive people	The findings suggest that sensory processing sensitivity levels reflect a subjective sensitivity to exteroceptive sensory processing independently of sensory domains and closely to interoceptive sensory processing.	Ujiie & Takahashi (2024)Ujiie, Y., & Takahashi, K. (2024). Subjective sensitivity to exteroceptive and interoceptive processing in highly sensitive person. Psychological Reports, 127(1), 142-158.	Q2
5. Oral dysesthesia associated with autistic traits: retrospective review of medical records	In conclusion, an abnormal sensation of squeezing or pulling in oral regions without a somatic basis was associated with autistic traits and could be highlighted as a specific abnormality in sensory processing in autism spectrum disorder.	Uezato et al. (2019)Uezato, A., Toyofuku, A., Umezaki, Y., & Nishikawa, T. (2019). Oral dysesthesia associated with autistic traits: a retrospective chart review. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 127(4), 347-350.	Q2
6. Associations between self-reported avoidance of social contact, hypersensitivity, and autistic traits: Results from a questionnaire among typically developing adults.	Our study is the first that corroborate the assumptions of previous studies, indicating that a higher level of hypersensitivity in people with autism spectrum disorder can cause tactile defensiveness and avoidance of social contact. This implies that problems in processing sensory information may underlie difficulties in social interaction between people with autism spectrum disorder.	Ujiie & Takahashi (2024)Ujiie, Y., & Takahashi, K. (2024). Subjective sensitivity to exteroceptive and interoceptive processing in highly sensitive person. Psychological Reports, 127(1), 142-158.	Q1

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[1] Rodrigo Fernando Goycolea Martinic e-mail: rodrigo.goycolea@uss.cl