CYP2A6
|
Nicotine metabolization |
*2*4 |
Lower risk of becoming a smoker, lower degree of nicotine dependence, fewer quantity of cigarettes consumed, and greater success in cessation |
17
17 Akrodou YM. CYP2A6 polymorphisms may strengthen individualized treatment for nicotine dependence. Scientifica. 2015;2015:491514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/491514. PMid:26060595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/491514...
18 Wassenaar CA, Dong Q, Wei Q, Amos CI, Spitz MR, Tyndale RF. Relationship between CYP2A6 and CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 variation and smoking behaviors and lung cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(17):1342-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djr237. PMid:21747048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djr237...
19 Gu F, Zhao C, Jiang T, Li X, Mao Y, Zhou C. Association between nicotine-dependent gene polymorphism and smoking cessation in patients with lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer. 2020;21(2):171-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cllc.2019.07.002. PMid:31402126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cllc.2019.07...
20 Ito T, Tsuji M, Mori Y, Kanda H, Hidaka T, Kakamu T, et al. Effect of CYP2A6*4 genetic polymorphisms on smoking behaviors and nicotine dependence in a general population of Japanese men. Fukushima J Med Sci. 2015;61(2):125-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5387/fms.2015-14. PMid:26370685. http://dx.doi.org/10.5387/fms.2015-14...
-
21
21 Lerman C, Tyndale R, Patterson F, Wileyto E, Shields P, Pinto A, et al. Nicotine metabolite ratio predicts efficacy of transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;79(6):600-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clpt.2006.02.006. PMid:16765148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clpt.2006.02...
|
CHRNA5 rs16969968
|
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor |
A |
Higher risk of becoming a smoker, greater quantity of cigarettes consumed, greater degree of nicotine dependence, lower chance of smoking cessation |
22
22 Buczkowski K, Sieminska A, Linkowska K, Czachowski S, Przybylski G, Jassem E, et al. Association between genetic variants on chromosome 15q25 locus and several nicotine dependence traits in Polish population: a case-control study. BioMed Res Int. 2015;2015:350348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/350348. PMid:25632390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/350348...
23 Saccone SF, Hinrichs AL, Saccone NL, Chase GA, Konvicka K, Madden PAF, et al. Cholinergic nicotinic receptor genes implicated in a nicotine dependence association study targeting 348 candidate genes with 3713 SNPs. Hum Mol Genet. 2007;16(1):36-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddl438. PMid:17135278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddl438...
24 Silva MR, Gattás GJF, Antonio J, Firigato I, Curioni OA, Gonçalves FT. Polymorphisms of CHRNA3 and CHRNA5: head and neck cancer and cigarette consumption intensity in a Brazilian population. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2019;7(12):e998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.998. PMid:31599127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.998...
25 Bierut LJ, Stitzel JA, Wang JC, Hinrichs AL, Grucza RA, Xuei X, et al. Variants in nicotinic receptors and risk for nicotine dependence. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(9):1163-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111711. PMid:18519524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008....
26 Lee S-H, Ahn W-Y, Seweryn M, Sadee W. Combined genetic influence of the nicotinic receptor gene cluster CHRNA5/A3/B4 on nicotine dependence. BMC Genomics. 2018;19(1):826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-5219-3. PMid:30453884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-521...
27 Saccone NL, Wang JC, Breslau N, Johnson EO, Hatsukami D, Saccone SF, et al. The CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 nicotinic receptor subunit gene cluster affects risk for nicotine dependence in African-Americans and in European-Americans. Cancer Res. 2009;69(17):6848-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0786. PMid:19706762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-...
28 Mota CL, Mitri S, Barata-Silva C, Moreira JC. CHRNA5/CHRNA3 polymorphisms and tobacco smoking risk in a Brazilian population sample. GSC Biol and Pharm Sci. 2020;12(2):143-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.12.2.0253. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.1...
-
29
29 Chen L-S, Hung RJ, Baker T, Horton A, Culverhouse R, Saccone N, et al. CHRNA5 risk variant predicts delayed smoking cessation and earlier lung cancer diagnosis—a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107(5):djv100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djv100. PMid:25873736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djv100...
|
CHRNA3 rs1051730
|
Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor |
T |
Higher risk of becoming a smoker, greater quantity of cigarettes consumed, earlier smoking initiation, higher cotinine levels, greater degree of nicotine dependence, lower chance of smoking cessation |
17
17 Akrodou YM. CYP2A6 polymorphisms may strengthen individualized treatment for nicotine dependence. Scientifica. 2015;2015:491514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/491514. PMid:26060595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/491514...
,
22
22 Buczkowski K, Sieminska A, Linkowska K, Czachowski S, Przybylski G, Jassem E, et al. Association between genetic variants on chromosome 15q25 locus and several nicotine dependence traits in Polish population: a case-control study. BioMed Res Int. 2015;2015:350348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/350348. PMid:25632390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/350348...
,
28
28 Mota CL, Mitri S, Barata-Silva C, Moreira JC. CHRNA5/CHRNA3 polymorphisms and tobacco smoking risk in a Brazilian population sample. GSC Biol and Pharm Sci. 2020;12(2):143-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.12.2.0253. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.1...
29 Chen L-S, Hung RJ, Baker T, Horton A, Culverhouse R, Saccone N, et al. CHRNA5 risk variant predicts delayed smoking cessation and earlier lung cancer diagnosis—a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107(5):djv100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djv100. PMid:25873736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djv100...
30 Ruyck K, Nackaerts K, Beels L, Werbrouck J, Volder A, Meysman M. Genetic variation in three candidate genes and nicotine dependence, withdrawal and smoking cessation in hospitalized patients. Pharmacogenomics. 2010;11(8):1053-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pgs.10.75. PMid:20712524. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pgs.10.75...
31 Mbarek H, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Hottenga JJ, Dolan CV, Boomsma DI, Willemsen G, et al. Association between rs1051730 and smoking during pregnancy in Dutch women. Nicotine Tob Res. 2019;21(6):835-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx267. PMid:29228387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx267...
32 Chen J, Kettermann A, Rostron BL, Day HR. Biomarkers of exposure among U.S. cigar smokers: an analysis of 1999-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23(12):2906-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0849. PMid:25380733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-...
-
33
33 Munafò MR, Johnstone EC, Walther D, Uhl GR, Murphy MFG, Aveyard P. CHRNA3 rs1051730 genotype and short-term smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob Res. 2011;13(10):982-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntr106. PMid:21690317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntr106...
|
CHRNA3 rs578776
|
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor |
T |
Lower risk of becoming a smoker, fewer quantity of cigarettes consumed, lower degree of nicotine dependence, greater chance of smoking cessation |
25
25 Bierut LJ, Stitzel JA, Wang JC, Hinrichs AL, Grucza RA, Xuei X, et al. Variants in nicotinic receptors and risk for nicotine dependence. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(9):1163-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111711. PMid:18519524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008....
,
27
27 Saccone NL, Wang JC, Breslau N, Johnson EO, Hatsukami D, Saccone SF, et al. The CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 nicotinic receptor subunit gene cluster affects risk for nicotine dependence in African-Americans and in European-Americans. Cancer Res. 2009;69(17):6848-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0786. PMid:19706762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-...
,
34
34 Wang Q, Li S, Pan L, Li H, Yang X, Jiang F, et al. Association between variants in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes and smoking cessation in a Chinese rural population. Am J Addict. 2016;25(4):297-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12383. PMid:27197960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12383...
|
CHRNA4 rs1044396
|
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor |
T |
Higher chance of smoking cessation, lower risk of becoming a smoker, lower degree of nicotine dependence, lower cotinine levels |
19
19 Gu F, Zhao C, Jiang T, Li X, Mao Y, Zhou C. Association between nicotine-dependent gene polymorphism and smoking cessation in patients with lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer. 2020;21(2):171-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cllc.2019.07.002. PMid:31402126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cllc.2019.07...
,
35
35 Santos JR, Tomaz PRX, Issa JS, Abe TO, Krieger JE, Pereira AC, et al. CHRNA4 rs1044396 is associated with smoking cessation in varenicline therapy. Front Genet. 2015;6:46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2015.00046. PMid:25774163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2015.000...
36 Gaya PV, Scholz J, Santos JR, Tomaz PRX, Abe TMO, Nassif M Jr, et al. Could be applied genetic markers to smoking cessation treatment? Tob Induc Dis. 2018;16(Suppl 1):A854. http://dx.doi.org/10.18332/tid/84277. http://dx.doi.org/10.18332/tid/84277...
37 Breitling LP, Dahmen N, Mittelstraß K, Rujescu D, Gallinat J, Fehr C, et al. Association of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit α4 polymorphisms with nicotine dependence in 5500 Germans. Pharmacogenomics J. 2009;9(4):219-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tpj.2009.6. PMid:19290018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tpj.2009.6...
38 Etter J-F, Hoda J-C, Perroud N, Munafò M, Buresi C, Duret C, et al. Association of genes coding for the α-4, α-5, β-2 and β-3 subunits of nicotinic receptors with cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence. Addict Behav. 2009;34(9):772-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.05.010. PMid:19482438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009....
-
39
39 Li MD, Beuten J, Ma JZ, Payne TJ, Lou X-Y, Garcia V, et al. Ethnic- and gender-specific association of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4 subunit gene (CHRNA4) with nicotine dependence. Hum Mol Genet. 2005;14(9):1211-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddi132. PMid:15790597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddi132...
|
CHRNB2 rs2072661
|
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor |
A |
Lower chance of smoking cessation, greater degree of nicotine dependence |
40
40 Swan GE, Javitz HS, Jack LM, Wessel J, Michel M, Hinds DA, et al. Varenicline for smoking cessation: nausea severity and variation in nicotinic receptor genes. Pharmacogenomics J. 2012;12(4):349-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tpj.2011.19. PMid:21606948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tpj.2011.19...
41 Perkins KA, Lerman C, Mercincavage M, Fonte CA, Briski JL. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 2 subunit (CHRNB2) gene and short-term ability to quit smoking in response to nicotine patch. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18(10):2608-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0166. PMid:19755656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-...
-
42
42 Wessel J, McDonald SM, Hinds DA, Stokowski RP, Javitz HS, Kennemer M, et al. Resequencing of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes and association of common and rare variants with the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35(12):2392-402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.120. PMid:20736995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.120...
|
DRD2/ ANKK1 rs1800497
|
Dopamine receptor |
A1 (T) |
Lower chance of smoking cessation, higher risk of becoming a smoker, higher risk of regular use of tobacco, earlier smoking initiation, greater degree of nicotine dependence, greater quantity of cigarettes consumed, shorter periods of abstinence, fewer attempts to quit smoking, less effectiveness in NRT and bupropion |
30
30 Ruyck K, Nackaerts K, Beels L, Werbrouck J, Volder A, Meysman M. Genetic variation in three candidate genes and nicotine dependence, withdrawal and smoking cessation in hospitalized patients. Pharmacogenomics. 2010;11(8):1053-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pgs.10.75. PMid:20712524. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pgs.10.75...
,
43
43 Clague J, Cinciripini P, Blalock J, Wu X, Hudmon KS. The D2 dopamine receptor gene and nicotine dependence among bladder cancer patients and controls. Behav Genet. 2010;40(1):49-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10519-009-9301-0. PMid:19842028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10519-009-930...
44 Radwan GN, El-Setouhy M, Mohamed MK, Hamid MA, Azem SA, Kamel O, et al. DRD2/ANKK1 TaqI polymorphism and smoking behavior of Egyptian male cigarette smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2007;9(12):1325-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200701704889. PMid:18058350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200701704...
45 David SP, Strong DR, Munafò MR, Brown RA, Lloyd-Richardson EE, Wileyto PE, et al. Bupropion efficacy for smoking cessation is influenced by the DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism: analysis of pooled data from two clinical trials. Nicotine Tob Res. 2007;9(12):1251-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200701705027. PMid:18058343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200701705...
46 Swan GE, Valdes AM, Ring HZ, Khroyan TV, Jack LM, Ton CC, et al. Dopamine receptor DRD2 genotype and smoking cessation outcome following treatment with bupropion SR. Pharmacogenomics J. 2005;5(1):21-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.tpj.6500281. PMid:15492764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.tpj.6500281...
47 Munafò MR, Johnstone EC, Murphy MFG, Aveyard P. Lack of association of DRD2 rs1800497 (Taq1A) polymorphism with smoking cessation in a nicotine replacement therapy randomized trial. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009;11(4):404-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntp007. PMid:19273465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntp007...
48 Breitling LP, Twardella D, Hoffmann MM, Witt SH, Treutlein J, Brenner H. Prospective association of dopamine-related polymorphisms with smoking cessation in general care. Pharmacogenomics. 2010;11(4):527-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pgs.10.1. PMid:20350135. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pgs.10.1...
-
49
49 Cinciripini P, Wetter D, Tomlinson G, Tsoh J, Moor C, Cinciripini L, et al. The effects of the DRD2 polymorphism on smoking cessation and negative affect: evidence for a pharmacogenetic effect on mood. Nicotine Tob Res. 2004;6(2):229-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200410001676396. PMid:15203796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200410001...
|
DRD4 VNTR
|
Dopamine receptor |
Short allele |
Lower risk of smoking, fewer cigarettes consumption, lower degree of dependence, higher chance of smoking cessation using NRT |
50
50 Das D, Tan X, Easteal S. Effect of model choice in genetic association studies: DRD4 exon III VNTR and cigarette use in young adults. Am J Med Genet. 2011;156(3):346-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.31169. PMid:21438142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.31169...
51 David SP, Munafò MR. Genetic variation in the dopamine pathway and smoking cessation. Pharmacogenomics. 2008;9(9):1307-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/14622416.9.9.1307. PMid:18781857. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/14622416.9.9.1...
52 Laucht M, Becker K, El-Faddagh M, Hohm E, Schmidt MH. Association of the DRD4 exon III polymorphism with smoking in fifteen-year-olds: a mediating role for novelty seeking? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44(5):477-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000155980.01792.7f. PMid:15843770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000155...
-
53
53 Laucht M, Becker K, Frank J, Schmidt MH, Esser G, Treutlein J, et al. Genetic variation in dopamine pathways differentially associated with smoking progression in adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(6):673-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816bff77. PMid:18434921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181...
|
SLC6A3 VNTR
|
Dopamine reuptake |
9-repeat |
Later smoking initiation, shorter period of smoking, longer periods of abstinence, greater chance of smoking cessation |
54
54 Erblich J, Lerman C, Self DW, Diaz GA, Bovbjerg DH. Effects of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) and transporter (SLC6A3) polymorphisms on smoking cue-induced cigarette craving among African-American smokers. Mol Psychiatry. 2005;10(4):407-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001588. PMid:15381926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001588...
55 Lerman C, Shields PG, Wileyto EP, Audrain J, Hawk LH Jr, Pinto A, et al. Effects of dopamine transporter and receptor polymorphisms on smoking cessation in a bupropion clinical trial. Health Psychol. 2003;22(5):541-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.22.5.541. PMid:14570538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.22.5...
56 Ma Y, Yuan W, Cui W, Li MD. Meta-analysis reveals significant association of 3′-UTR VNTR in SLC6A3 with smoking cessation in Caucasian populations. Pharmacogenomics J. 2016;16(1):10-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tpj.2015.44. PMid:26149737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tpj.2015.44...
57 O’Gara C, Stapleton J, Sutherland G, Guindalini C, Neale B, Breen G, et al. Dopamine transporter polymorphisms are associated with short-term response to smoking cessation treatment. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2007;17(1):61-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.fpc.0000236328.18928.4c. PMid:17264803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.fpc.0000236...
-
58
58 Schmid B, Blomeyer D, Becker K, Treutlein J, Zimmermann US, Buchmann AF, et al. The interaction between the dopamine transporter gene and age at onset in relation to tobacco and alcohol use among 19-year-olds. Addict Biol. 2009;14(4):489-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00171.x. PMid:19740369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.20...
|
DBH rs77905
|
Dopamine metabolizing enzymes |
G |
Greater persistence of smoking, less effectiveness in NRT |
59
59 Johnstone EC, Yudkin PL, Hey K, Roberts SJ, Welch SJ, Murphy MF, et al. Genetic variation in dopaminergic pathways and short-term effectiveness of the nicotine patch. Pharmacogenetics. 2004;14(2):83-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008571-200402000-00002. PMid:15077009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008571-20040...
,
60
60 Shiels MS, Huang HY, Hoffman SC, Shugart YY, Bolton JH, Platz EA, et al. A community-based study of cigarette smoking behavior in relation to variation in three genes involved in dopamine metabolism: Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A). Prev Med. 2008;47(1):116-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.03.013. PMid:18486967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.0...
|
DBH rs3025343
|
Dopamine metabolizing enzymes |
A |
Lower chance of smoking cessation |
61
61 Siedlinski M, Cho MH, Bakke P, Gulsvik A, Lomas DA, Anderson W, et al. Genome-wide association study of smoking behaviours in patients with COPD. Thorax. 2011;66(10):894-902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200154. PMid:21685187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011...
,
62
62 The Tobacco and Genetics Consortium. Genome-wide meta-analyses identify multiple loci associated with smoking behavior. Nat Genet. 2010;42(5):441-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.571. PMid:20418890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.571...
|
COMT rs4680
|
Dopamine metabolizing enzymes |
Met (A) |
Decreased risk of being a smoker, later smoking initiation, lower degree of nicotine dependence, more effectiveness in NRT |
60
60 Shiels MS, Huang HY, Hoffman SC, Shugart YY, Bolton JH, Platz EA, et al. A community-based study of cigarette smoking behavior in relation to variation in three genes involved in dopamine metabolism: Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A). Prev Med. 2008;47(1):116-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.03.013. PMid:18486967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.0...
,
63
63 Enoch M-A, Waheed JF, Harris CR, Albaugh B, Goldman D. Sex differences in the influence of COMT Val158Met on alcoholism and smoking in plains American indians. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006;30(3):399-406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00045.x. PMid:16499480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.20...
64 Nedic G, Nikolac M, Borovecki F, Hajnsek S, Muck-Seler D, Pivac N. Association study of a functional catechol-o-methyltransferase polymorphism and smoking in healthy Caucasian subjects. Neurosci Lett. 2010;473(3):216-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2010.02.050. PMid:20188797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2010....
65 Beuten J, Payne TJ, Ma JZ, Li MD. Significant association of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) haplotypes with nicotine dependence in male and female smokers of two ethnic populations. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31(3):675-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300997. PMid:16395295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300997...
66 Tochigi M, Suzuki K, Kato C, Otowa T, Hibino H, Umekage T, et al. Association study of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase genes with smoking behavior. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2007;17(10):867-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FPC.0b013e3282e9a51e. PMid:17885625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FPC.0b013e3282...
67 Guo S, Chen DF, Zhou DF, Sun HQ, Wu GY, Haile CN, et al. Association of functional catechol O-methyl transferase (COMT) Val108Met polymorphism with smoking severity and age of smoking initiation in Chinese male smokers. Psychopharmacology. 2007;190(4):449-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0628-4. PMid:17206495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-062...
68 Munafò MR, Freathy RM, Ring SM, Pourcain BS, Smith GD. Association of COMT Val108/158Met genotype and cigarette smoking in pregnant women. Nicotine Tob Res. 2011;13(2):55-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntq209. PMid:21106664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntq209...
-
69
69 Munafò MR, Johnstone EC, Guo B, Murphy MFG, Aveyard P. Association of COMT Val108/158Met genotype with smoking cessation. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2008;18(2):121-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FPC.0b013e3282f44daa. PMid:18192898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FPC.0b013e3282...
|
MAOA VNTR
|
Dopamine metabolizing enzymes |
4-repeat |
Greater quantity of cigarettes consumed, greater degree of nicotine dependence |
70
70 Ito H, Hamajima N, Matsuo K, Okuma K, Sato S, Ueda R, et al. Monoamine oxidase polymorphisms and smoking behaviour in Japanese. Pharmacogenetics. 2003;13(2):73-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008571-200302000-00003. PMid:12563176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008571-20030...
,
71
71 Wiesbeck GA, Wodarz N, Weijers H-G, Dursteler-MacFarland KM, Wurst F-M, Walter M, et al. A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the monoamine oxidase A gene is associated with the cigarette smoking quantity in alcohol-dependent heavy smokers. Neuropsychobiology. 2006;53(4):181-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000093782. PMid:16763378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000093782...
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MAOA rs1137070
|
Dopamine metabolizing enzymes |
T |
decreased risk of being a smoker |
60
60 Shiels MS, Huang HY, Hoffman SC, Shugart YY, Bolton JH, Platz EA, et al. A community-based study of cigarette smoking behavior in relation to variation in three genes involved in dopamine metabolism: Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A). Prev Med. 2008;47(1):116-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.03.013. PMid:18486967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.0...
,
72
72 Yang J, Wang S, Yang Z, Hodgkinson CA, Iarikova P, Ma JZ, et al. The contribution of rare and common variants in 30 genes to risk nicotine dependence. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20(11):1467-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2014.156. PMid:25450229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2014.156...
|
MAOB rs1799836
|
Dopamine metabolizing enzymes |
G |
Decreased risk of being a smoker, later smoking initiation |
70
70 Ito H, Hamajima N, Matsuo K, Okuma K, Sato S, Ueda R, et al. Monoamine oxidase polymorphisms and smoking behaviour in Japanese. Pharmacogenetics. 2003;13(2):73-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008571-200302000-00003. PMid:12563176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008571-20030...
,
73
73 Costa-Mallen P, Costa LG, Checkoway H. Genotype combinations for monoamine oxidase-B intron 13 polymorphism and dopamine D2 receptor TaqIB polymorphism are associated with ever-smoking status among men. Neurosci Lett. 2005;385(2):158-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.05.035. PMid:15955630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005....
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