Performance of clonal rootstocks for ‘BRS-Kampai’ peach and own-rooted trees in a mild-winter region

Camargo, Robson Rosa de; Penso, Gener Augusto; Pertille, Rafael Henrique; Mayer, Newton Alex; Santos, Carlos Eduardo Magalhães dos; Citadin, Idemir

doi:10.1590/1413-7054202448003524

ABSTRACT

The worldwide main peach-producing are adopting peach training systems with canopy size-controlling clonal rootstocks. However, most peach seedlings commercialised in Brazil are still on seed-propagated rootstocks, which are vigorous and heterogeneous. This study aimed to select rootstocks which induce desirable characteristics of fruit quality, yield efficiency, size control, adaptability and stability in the ‘BRS-Kampai’ grown in subtropical regions with mild winters. We used adaptability and stability methodology and multivariate selection index to determine yield components and fruit quality. The experiment was conducted in five cycles. The treatments consisted of ‘BRS-Kampai’ grafted onto 17 clonal rootstocks of Prunus spp. and own-rooted trees. The evaluated variables were yield per tree, yield per area, fruit mass, fruit diameter, fruit firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, canopy volume and yield efficiency. The rootstocks ‘Ishtara®’, ‘Genovesa’, ‘Santa Rosa’ and ‘Cadaman’ always induced low yield and low fruit quality when used as clonal rootstocks for the ‘BRS-Kampai’ and showed no potential for use as rootstocks in subtropical humid regions with mild winters. The ‘BRS-Kampai’ own-rooted peach trees or those grafted onto ‘Flordaguard’, ‘Okinawa’ are alternatives for peach cultivation under the edaphoclimatic conditions of Pato Branco-PR, although the training and pruning systems must be adjusted due to high vigour. The clonal rootstocks ‘Tsukuba-3’ and ‘Tsukuba-2’ induced the highest production performance in the canopy cultivar BRS-Kampai, combining fruit quality, yield with higher stability, and yield efficiency making them the most suitable ones among the studied rootstocks.

Index terms:
Climate adaptation; training systems; selection index; peach production; Prunus sp.

[1] ^*Corresponding author: idemir@utfpr.edu.br

Treatment	Rootstock	Species	Vigour classification	Genetic Background	Origin	Nematodeos Tolerance	Waterlogging or heavy soils Tolerance	References
1	México Fila 1	P. persica	Vigorous	Open polinization	México	Unknown	Unknown
2	Flordaguard	P. persica	Vigorous	Controlled cross (F6 - Chico 11 × P. davidiana)	University of Florida (USA)	Resistant to M. javanica and M. incognita races 1 and 3	Suscetible	Sherman, Lyrene and Sharp (1991Sherman, W. B., Lyrene, P. M., & Sharp, R. H. (1991). Flordaguard peach rootstock. HortScience, 26(4):427-428.); Byrne et al. (2012Byrne, D. H. et al. (2012). Peach. In M. L. Badenes., & Byrne, D. H. Fruit breeding. 1ed. New York, (pp.312-345).)
3	Tsukuba-3	P. persica	Vigorous	Open polinization	Japan	Resistance to M. incognita race 2 and M. javanica	Tolerant	Rossi et al. (2002Rossi, C. E. et al. (2002). Resistência de frutíferas de clima subtropical e temperado a Meloidogyne incognita raça 2 e M. javanica. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, 69(2):43-49.); Mayer et al. (2020Mayer, N. A. et al. (2020). Cloning of rootstock selections and Prunus spp. cultivars by softwood cuttings. Scientia Horticulturae, 273:e109609.)
4	I-67-52-4	P. persica	Unknown	Open polinization	USA	Unknown	Unknown
5	Tsukuba-1	P. persica	Vigorous	Open polinization	Japan	Resistance to M. incognita race 2 and M. javanica	Tolorent	Reighard (2002Reighard, G. L. (2002). Current directions of peach rootstock programs worldwide. Acta Horticulturae, 592:421-427.); Rossi et al. (2002Rossi, C. E. et al. (2002). Resistência de frutíferas de clima subtropical e temperado a Meloidogyne incognita raça 2 e M. javanica. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, 69(2):43-49.); Mayer et al. (2020Mayer, N. A. et al. (2020). Cloning of rootstock selections and Prunus spp. cultivars by softwood cuttings. Scientia Horticulturae, 273:e109609.)
6	Cadaman®	Wild peach × peach interspecific hybrid (P. davidiana × P. persica)	Vigorous	Controlled cross	INRA (France/ Hungary)	Resistant to Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica; M. arenaria and M. hispanica	Moderately tolerant	Edin and Garcin (1994Edin, M., & Garcin, A. (1994). Un nouveau porte greffe du pêcher cadaman-avimag. L’Arboriculture Fruitière, 475:20-23.); Reighard and Loreti (2008Reighard, G. L., & Loreti, F. (2008). Rootstock development. In D. R. Layne., & D. Bassi. The peach: Botany, production and uses. Oxfordshire; CABI, (pp. 193-220).); Byrne et al. (2012Byrne, D. H. et al. (2012). Peach. In M. L. Badenes., & Byrne, D. H. Fruit breeding. 1ed. New York, (pp.312-345).); Mayer et al. (2020Mayer, N. A. et al. (2020). Cloning of rootstock selections and Prunus spp. cultivars by softwood cuttings. Scientia Horticulturae, 273:e109609.); Minas et al. (2023Minas, I. S. et al. (2023). Peach rootstock development and performance. In G. A. Manganaris., G. Costa., & C. H. Crisosto. Peach. CABI, Series Name: Crop Production Science in Horticulture. (pp. 54-91).)
7	Okinawa	P. persica	Vigorous	Open polinization	IAC (Campinas, Brazil) from Japan	Resistance to M. incognita (except race 3) and M. javanica; tolerant to M. floridensis	Tolerant	Reighard (2002Reighard, G. L. (2002). Current directions of peach rootstock programs worldwide. Acta Horticulturae, 592:421-427.); Mayer et al. (2020Mayer, N. A. et al. (2020). Cloning of rootstock selections and Prunus spp. cultivars by softwood cuttings. Scientia Horticulturae, 273:e109609.)
8	Rigitano	P. mume	Semi-vigorous	Open polinization	UNESP Jaboticabal (Brazil)	Resistance to M. javanica and M. incognita	Unknown	Mayer et al. (2006Mayer, N. A. et al. (2006). Desenvolvimento inicial no campo de pessegueiros ‘Aurora-1’ enxertados em clones de umezeiro e ‘Okinawa’ propagados por estacas herbáceas. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 28(2):231-235. ); Pereira et al. 2007Pereira, F. M. et al. (2007). ‘Rigitano’: nova cultivar de umezeiro para porta-enxerto de pessegueiro. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 29(1):172-175. ; Mathias et al. (2008Mathias, C. et al. (2008). Efeito de porta-enxertos e espaçamentos entre plantas na qualidade de pêssegos ‘Aurora-1’. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 30(1):165-170. ).
9	Barrier	P. persica x P. davidiana	Vigorous	Controlled cross	Italy	Resistant to M. incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria;	Tolerant	Reighard and Loreti (2008)Reighard, G. L., & Loreti, F. (2008). Rootstock development. In D. R. Layne., & D. Bassi. The peach: Botany, production and uses. Oxfordshire; CABI, (pp. 193-220).
10	BRS-Kampai onw-rooted	P. persica	Vigorous	Controlled cross (Chimarrita x Flordaprince)	Embrapa (Brazil)	Unknow	Tolerant	Raseira et al. (2010Raseira, M. C. B. et al. (2010). Pessegueiro: Cultivar BRS kampai. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 32(4):1275-1278. )
11	G x N.9	P. persica x P. dulcis	Vigorous	Controlled cross	Zaragoza (Spain)	Resistant to M. javanica and M. incognita race 2	Tolerant	Rossi et al. (2002Rossi, C. E. et al. (2002). Resistência de frutíferas de clima subtropical e temperado a Meloidogyne incognita raça 2 e M. javanica. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, 69(2):43-49.)
12	Clone 15	P. mume	Semi-vigorous	Open polinization	UNESP Jaboticabal (Brazil)	Resistance to M. javanica and M. incognita	Unknown	Mayer et al. (2006Mayer, N. A. et al. (2006). Desenvolvimento inicial no campo de pessegueiros ‘Aurora-1’ enxertados em clones de umezeiro e ‘Okinawa’ propagados por estacas herbáceas. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 28(2):231-235. ); Pereira et al. 2007Pereira, F. M. et al. (2007). ‘Rigitano’: nova cultivar de umezeiro para porta-enxerto de pessegueiro. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 29(1):172-175. ; Mathias et al. (2008Mathias, C. et al. (2008). Efeito de porta-enxertos e espaçamentos entre plantas na qualidade de pêssegos ‘Aurora-1’. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 30(1):165-170. ); Mayer et al. (2020)
13	Ishtara^®	(P. cerasifera x P. salicina) x (P. cerasifera x P. persica)	Semi-vigorous	Controlled cross	INRA (France)	Resistant to M. incognita, M. arenaria, M. hapla, M. hispânica and imune to M. javanica	Moderately tolerant	Reighard and Loreti (2008Reighard, G. L., & Loreti, F. (2008). Rootstock development. In D. R. Layne., & D. Bassi. The peach: Botany, production and uses. Oxfordshire; CABI, (pp. 193-220).); Mayer et al. (2020Mayer, N. A. et al. (2020). Cloning of rootstock selections and Prunus spp. cultivars by softwood cuttings. Scientia Horticulturae, 273:e109609.); Minas et al. (2023Minas, I. S. et al. (2023). Peach rootstock development and performance. In G. A. Manganaris., G. Costa., & C. H. Crisosto. Peach. CABI, Series Name: Crop Production Science in Horticulture. (pp. 54-91).)
14	Nemared	P. persica	Vigorous	F3 seedlings of ‘Nemaguard’ x a red-leaf seedling	USDA (California, USA)	Resistance to M. incógnita (except race 3) and M. javanica	Unknown	Ramming and Tanner (1983Ramming, D. W., & Tanner, O. (1983).‘Nemared’ peach rootstock. HortScience, 18(3):376.); Layne (1987Layne, R. E. C. (1987). Peach rootstocks. In R.C. Rom., & R. F. Carlson (eds.). Rootstocks for fruit crops. Wiley, New York. (pp.185-216). ); Mayer et al. (2020Mayer, N. A. et al. (2020). Cloning of rootstock selections and Prunus spp. cultivars by softwood cuttings. Scientia Horticulturae, 273:e109609.)
15	Santa Rosa	P. salicina	Not informed	Controlled cross (P. salicina x P. simonii x P. Americana)	USA	Unknown	Tolerant	Faust and Surányi (1999Faust, M., & Surányi, D. (1999). Origin and dissemination of plums. In J. Janick. Horticultural reviews, 23. John Wiley & Sons. (pp.179-232). )
16	Capdeboscq	P. persica	Vigorous	Open polinization	Embrapa (Brazil)	Unknown	Tolerant	Finardi (1998Finardi, N. L. (1998). Método de propagação e descrição de porta-enxertos. In C. A. B. Medeiros., & M. C. B. Raseira. A cultura do pessegueiro. Brasília, DF: Embrapa-SPI; Pelotas: Embrapa-CPACT, (pp.100-129).); Mayer et al. (2020Mayer, N. A. et al. (2020). Cloning of rootstock selections and Prunus spp. cultivars by softwood cuttings. Scientia Horticulturae, 273:e109609.)
17	Genovesa	P. salicina	Unknown	Unknown	CPACT, BAG-1, ameixa fila 10	Unknown	Unknown	Sobierajski et al. (2021Sobierajski, G. R. et al. (2021). Vegetative growth, and foliar nutrient contents of peach on different clonal rootstocks. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 56:e02043. ).
18	Tsukuba-2	P. persica	Vigorous	Open polinization	Japan	Resistance to M. incognita race 2 and M. javanica	Tolerant	Reighard (2002Reighard, G. L. (2002). Current directions of peach rootstock programs worldwide. Acta Horticulturae, 592:421-427.); Rossi et al. (2002Rossi, C. E. et al. (2002). Resistência de frutíferas de clima subtropical e temperado a Meloidogyne incognita raça 2 e M. javanica. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, 69(2):43-49.); Mayer et al. (2020Mayer, N. A. et al. (2020). Cloning of rootstock selections and Prunus spp. cultivars by softwood cuttings. Scientia Horticulturae, 273:e109609.)

Treatment	Rootstocks and ‘BRS-Kampai’ own-rooted	YT	YA	FM	SFD	FFWS	SSC	TA	CV*	YE*
Treatment	Rootstocks and ‘BRS-Kampai’ own-rooted	kg tree^-1	t ha^-1	g	mm	N	°Brix	meq. Malic Ac.	m³	kg m^-3
1	México Fila 1	20.3	14.8	122.2	58.8	83.8	12.0	0.34	4.82	2.38
2	Flordaguard	23.9	17.4	110.0	56.7	79.2	10.9	0.36	5.28	2.44
3	Tsukuba-3	26.1	18.9	110.5	56.1	79.3	10.7	0.34	3.75	3.77
4	I-67-52-4	21.5	15.6	108.2	55.4	77.1	11.5	0.36	3.70	2.96
5	Tsukuba-1	21.1	15.4	112.3	56.8	82.0	11.0	0.37	3.97	2.49
6	Cadaman^®	12.9	9.4	88.1	50.8	76.4	11.6	0.37	3.23	2.80
7	Okinawa	23.4	17.0	112.1	57.4	82.7	11.3	0.34	4.09	2.83
8	Rigitano	15.3	11.1	120.8	60.2	82.3	11.5	0.35	3.47	2.19
9	Barrier	18.5	13.4	107.4	56.9	83.5	10.3	0.38	3.47	3.41
10	BRS-Kampai own-rooted	23.4	17.0	126.6	58.3	82.6	11.5	0.36	5.65	2.18
11	G x N.9	23.4	16.9	113.9	55.8	80.8	11.4	0.35	5.13	2.26
12	Clone 15	18.9	13.7	119.5	57.2	93.1	11.4	0.38	3.78	2.98
13	Ishtara^®	6.1	4.4	71.9	47.3	80.9	12.0	0.36	1.81	2.74
14	Nemared	17.8	12.9	96.4	52.8	78.7	11.3	0.37	4.19	2.22
15	Santa Rosa	9.6	6.9	90.1	52.3	82.6	11.4	0.40	2.74	3.21
16	Capdeboscq	19.2	13.9	119.9	57.6	83.1	11.8	0.36	4.40	1.62
17	Genovesa	8.8	6.4	80.4	49.1	83.3	11.3	0.37	2.34	1.71
18	Tsukuba-2	29.2	21.3	115.9	57.4	81.3	10.7	0.36	3.95	3.03

Mulamba and Mock index					Variables
					YT		YA		FM		FFWS		SFD		SSC		TA
X0					13.8		19.0		107.0		55.4		81.8		11.3		0.4
h2%					78.5		78.5		93.8		85.3		0.0		64.3		39.2
Economic weights per variable (EW)
Scenarios					YT		YA		FM		FFWS		SFD		SSC		TA
EW - Scenario I					1		1		1		1		1		1		1
EW - Scenario II					3		2		2		1		1		1		1
EW - Scenario III					3		1		1		2		2		2		2
Ranking of rootstocks
Scenarios	1°	2°	3°	4°	5°	6°	7°	8°	9°	10°	11°	12°	13°	14°	15°	16°	17°	18°
Scenario I	1	10	7	16	8	18	3	11	12	5	2	4	9	13	14	15	6	17
Scenario II	18	7	10	1	3	11	16	2	8	5	12	4	9	14	6	15	13	17
Scenario III	1	7	10	16	18	8	3	11	12	2	5	4	9	13	14	15	6	17

Brasil

Brasil

Performance of clonal rootstocks for ‘BRS-Kampai’ peach and own-rooted trees in a mild-winter region

Desempenho de porta-enxertos clonais para pessegueiro ‘BRS-Kampai’ e autoenraizado em região de inverno ameno

ABSTRACT