Development and evaluation of slow-release organomineral phosphate fertilizer based on coffee waste

Barbosa, Nathalia Silvestrin; Luz, Mario Sérgio da; Sousa, Nádia Guimarães; Santos, Kássia Graciele dos

doi:10.1590/1413-7054202448018323

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Agricultural Sciences • Ciênc. agrotec. 48 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-7054202448018323 copy

Development and evaluation of slow-release organomineral phosphate fertilizer based on coffee waste

Desenvolvimento e avaliação de fertilizante organomineral fosfatado de liberação lenta à base de borra de café

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Slow-release fertilizers are sustainable alternatives to soil nutrition that can effectively enhance agricultural productivity. In this study, we formulated slow-release organomineral fertilizers using spent coffee grounds (SCG) impregnated with triple superphosphate (TSP). The effects of the composition of the fertilizer on pellet resistance and P release capacity were evaluated, along with heat treatment at different temperatures and times. The pellets with 10 g sugarcane molasses and 2.5 g TSP per gram of SCG, dried at 100 °C, presented the best mechanical resistance, releasing about 90% P in 13.8 h. The release kinetics of these pellets followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, controlled by Fickian diffusion. The fertilizer thermally treated at 400 °C for 30 min was classified as a slow-release fertilizer, as it released 90% P in 793.3 h. Thus, the partial carbonization of biomass promoted P adsorption to the surface of the porous matrix of the pellets, allowing the slow release of nutrients. Overall, we found that pelletized OMFs can be used as sustainable and inexpensive fertilizers derived from waste biomass; thus, their application can contribute to eco-friendly agricultural practices.

Index terms:
Extrusion; release kinetics; thermal treatment; fickian diffusion; sustainable agriculture.

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[1] ^*Corresponding author: kassia.santos@uftm.edu.br

Reference	Objective	Conclusion
Jamnongkan and Kaewpierom (2010Jamnongkan, T., & Kaewpirom, S. (2010). Controlled-release fertilizer based on chitosan hydrogel: Phosphorus release kinetics. Science Journal Ubon Ratchathani University, 1:43-50. )	NPK slow-release fertilizers were produced using glutaraldehyde, PVA, glycerin, and a binder solution.	Kinetics of P release were well represented by the KP Model (n < 0.5 quasi-Fickian release). The value of the K parameter was between 0.6016 and 0.6875.
Noppakundilograt et al. (2014Noppakundilograt, S. et al. (2014). Multilayer-coated NPK compound fertilizer hydrogel with controlled nutrient release and water absorbency. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 132(2): 41249. )	OMF NPK was produced through chitosan impregnation	Release rate was lower when chitosan was present. The kinetics were represented by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model and governed by quasi-Fickian diffusion.
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Buss et al. (2020Buss, W. et al. (2020). Unlocking the fertilizer potential of waste-derived biochar. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 8:12295-12303. )	Pyrolysis of sewage sludge at 700 °C was performed after doping it with 5% potassium acetate.	Percentage of water-extractable total P content increased by 237 times compared to undoped biochar. Due to this easy and inexpensive modification, sewage sludge can generate a safe biochar fertilizer with customized P availability that also supplies K, which improves soil properties and C sequestration.
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Elemental analysis
%C	%H	%N	%S	%O	H/C	O/C	C/N
49.00	7.02	2.86	1.43	36.69	0.14	0.74	17.13
Proximate analysis
Moisture 9.76		Volatile 77.06		Ash 3.00		Fixed carbon 10.18

Sample	Factors			Responses
	Factors			Drop resistance		Release test
	M [%] (X ₁ )	R [g.g^-1] (X ₂ )	T_s [ºC] (X ₃ )	N_{Q[100 cm]}	N_{Q[150 cm]}	t_15% [h]	t_50% [h]	t_75% [h]	t_90% [h]
F1	0.0 (-1)	1.5 (-1)	60.0 (-1)	2.0	2.0	0.037	0.081	0.139	0.367
F2	0.0 (-1)	1.5 (-1)	100.0 (+1)	1.8	1.4	0.076	0.152	0.260	0.637
F3	0.0 (-1)	2.5 (+1)	60.0 (-1)	8.2	9.0	0.060	0.183	0.399	0.986
F4	0.0 (-1)	2.5 (+1)	100.0 (+1)	13.8	6.6	0.100	1.042	2.307	3.057
F5	10.0 (+1)	1.5 (-1)	60.0 (-1)	1.0	1.2	0.091	0.312	0.647	1.545
F6	10.0 (+1)	1.5 (-1)	100.0 (+1)	1.4	1.2	0.036	0.111	0.258	1.133
F7	10.0 (+1)	2.5 (+1)	60.0 (-1)	90.6	37.0	0.271	1.009	1.895	7.780
F8	10.0 (+1)	2.5 (+1)	100.0 (+1)	91.8	32.0	0.294	1.639	5.920	13.800
F9	5.0 ( 0 )	2.0 ( 0 )	80.0 ( 0 )	7.0	4.0	0.127	0.381	0.730	3.078
F10	5.0 ( 0 )	2.0 ( 0 )	80.0 ( 0 )	7.0	4.0	0.090	0.505	1.053	2.156
F11	5.0 ( 0 )	2.0 ( 0 )	80.0 ( 0 )	7.0	4.0	0.114	0.341	0.661	3.057
F_POW	-	-	-	-	-	0.021	0.090	0.800	2.969

Drop test					Release Test
Response	Factor	Effect	Deviation	p-level	Response	Factor	Effect	Deviation	p-level
N_Q[100cm] (R²=0.995)	Média	26.325	1.004	0.000	t_50% [h] (R²=0.959)	Média	0.523	0.043	0.000
	Curvatura	-38.650	3.237	0.000		X ₁	0.403	0.100	0.010
	X ₁	39.750	2.008	0.000		X ₂	0.804	0.100	0.001
	X ₂	49.550	2.008	0.000		X ₃	0.340	0.100	0.019
	X ₁ X ₂	40.450	2.008	0.000		X ₁ X ₂	0.308	0.100	0.027
N_Q[150cm] (R²=0.990)	Média	11.300	0.512	0.000		X ₂ X ₃	0.405	0.1000	0.010
	Curvatura	-13.400	1.650	0.000	t_90% [h] (R²=0.961)	Média	3.418	0.34	0.000
	X ₁	13.100	1.023	0.000		X ₁	4.803	0.796	0.002
	X ₂	19.700	1.023	0.000		X ₂	5.485	0.796	0.001
	X ₁ X ₂	13.600	1.023	0.000		X ₃	1.987	0.796	0.055
						X ₁ X ₂	3.966	0.796	0.004
						X ₂ X ₃	2.058	0.796	0.049

	Weibull Model $X = \frac{M_{i}}{M_{\infty}} = 1 - \exp (- A \cdot t^{b})$				Korsmeyer-Peppas Model $X = \frac{M_{i}}{M_{\infty}} = K \cdot t^{n}$
Sample	Parameters		Deviation	R²	Parameters		Deviation	R²
F1	A	9.691	0.478	0.965	K	0.919	0.003	0.777
F1	b	1.057	0.024	0.965	n	0.112	0.004
F2	A	7.042	0.018	0.988	K	0.895	0.004	0.829
F2	b	1.235	0.018	0.988	n	0.172	0.006
F3	A	2.302	0.018	0.984	K	0.829	0.003	0.901
F3	b	0.700	0.008	0.984	n	0.209	0.005
F4	A	0.680	0.002	0.997	K	0.476	0.001	0.999
F4	b	0.850	0.004	0.997	n	0.548	0.001
F5	A	1.634	0.004	0.989	K	0.749	0.002	0.938
F5	b	0.734	0.003	0.989	n	0.288	0.003
F6	A	3.789	0.046	0.974	K	1.018	0.003	0.960
F6	b	0.479	0.007	0.974	n	0.146	0.003
F7	A	0.682	0.001	0.999	K	0.478	0.002	0.988
F7	b	1.059	0.003	0.999	n	0.619	0.005
F8	A	0.494	0.002	0.987	K	0.383	0.002	0.978
F8	b	0.645	0.006	0.987	n	0.476	0.005
F9	A	1.763	0.007	0.985	K	0.752	0.002	0.917
F9	b	0.878	0.005	0.985	n	0.302	0.003
F10	A	1.261	0.002	0.997	K	0.672	0.002	0.965
F10	b	0.850	0.003	0.997	n	0.380	0.004
F11	A	2.056	0.011	0.991	K	0.776	0.003	0.917
F11	b	0.967	0.006	0.991	n	0.295	0.005
_FPO	A	1.517	0.001	0.987	K	0.766	0.001	0.910
_FPO	b	0.379	0.001	0.987	n	0.120	0.001
Sample F8 after heat treatment
F300-10	A	0.519	0.002	0.933	K	0.452	0.001	0.879
F300-10	b	0.279	0.001	0.933	n	0.141	0.001
F300-30	A	0.015	0.000	0.942	K	0.050	0.001	0.885
F300-30	b	0.961	0.004	0.942	n	0.565	0.003
F300-90	A	0.079	0.001	0.918	K	0.084	0.000	0.936
F300-90	b	0.448	0.002	0.918	n	0.374	0.001
F400-10	A	0.007	0.000	0.989	K	0.010	0.000	0.996
F400-10	b	0.775	0.001	0.989	n	0.678	0.000
F400-30	A	0.013	0.000	0.971	K	0.015	0.000	0.990
F400-30	b	0.667	0.002	0.971	n	0.592	0.002
F400-90	A	0.005	0.000	0.995	K	0.010	0.000	0.977
F400-90	b	0.902	0.001	0.995	n	0.707	0.001

Sample	Factors		Drop resistance		Release time of %P [h]
Sample	T_TT (ºC)	t_TT [min]	N_{Q[100 cm]}	N_{Q[150 cm]}	t_15%	t_50%	t_75%	t_90%
F8-300-10	300	10	33.3 ± 9.4	32.7 ± 9.7	0.07	4.0	37.3	223.2
F8-300-30	300	30	44.3 ± 6.8	17.7 ± 9.2	5.60	50.9	238.2	366.4
F8-300-90	300	90	18.3 ± 11.7	8.0 ± 4.3	0.04	87.75	289.2	505.6
F8-400-10	400	10	31.7 ± 4.6	21.7 ± 8.7	53.2	367.7	603.5	744.0
F8-400-30	400	30	28.3 ± 8.8	29.7 ± 14.4	49.53	391.0	689.4	793.3
F8-400-90	400	90	9.0 ± 6.5	30.7 ± 7.9	45.28	196.3	607.8	734.7
F8	-	-	91.8 ± 10.65	32.0 ± 10.654	0.294	1.639	5.920	13.8