Rice blast: strategies and challenges for improving genetic resistance

Nizolli, Valéria Oliveira; Pegoraro, Camila; Oliveira, Antonio Costa de

doi:10.1590/1984-70332021v21Sa22

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Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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ARTICLE • Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 21 (spe) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332021v21Sa22 copy

Rice blast: strategies and challenges for improving genetic resistance

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract:

Rice blast, caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae L., is considered one of the main threats to world rice production. The development of resistant cultivars is one of the best and sustainable control alternatives. Plant breeding efforts have been accelerated by genetic mapping (linkage and associative) and marker assisted selection. On the other hand, genomic editing techniques, such as meganucleases (MNs), Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator-like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindrome Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), can be used to promote specific genetic modifications. Likewise, transgenics can also be used to manipulate specific genes. In this sense, this work aims to characterize rice blast and elucidate available biotechnological alternatives to accelerate the development of improved rice cultivars resistant to rice blast.

Keywords:
Abiotic stress; biotechnology tools; Oryza sativa L.; Pyricularia oryzae L.

Gene name	Function	Manipulation transgenic	Effects	Reference
OsPi-d2	R gene	Overexpression	Resistance to neck blast incidence	Chen et al. (2010)Chen DX, Chen XW, Lei CL, Wang YP and Li SG (2010) Rice blast resistance of transgenic rice plants with Pi-d2 gene. Rice Science 17: 179-184.
MoHrip1	Elicitor gene	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Wang et al. (2017)Wang Z, Han Q, Zi Q, Lv S, Qiu D and Zeng H (2017) Enhanced disease resistance and drought tolerance in transgenic rice plants overexpressing protein elicitors from Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS One 12: 0175734.
OsWRKY53	R gene	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Chujo et al. (2014)Chujo T, Miyamoto K, Ogawa S, Masuda Y, Shimizu T, Kishi-Kaboshi M, Takahashi A, Nishizawa Y, Minami E, Nojiri H and Yamane H (2014) Overexpression of phosphomimic mutated OsWRKY53 leads to enhanced blast resistance in rice. PLoS One 9: 98737.
OsGF14b	Induces expression of jasmonic acid (JA)	Overexpression	Resistance to neck blast incidence	Liu et al. (2016)Liu Q, Yang J, Zhang S, Zhao J, Feng A, Yang T, Wang X, Mao X, Dong J, Zhu X and Leung H (2016) OsGF14b positively regulates panicle blast resistance but negatively regulates leaf blast resistance in rice. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 29: 46-56.
WRKY45	Induces expression of salicylic acid (SA)	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Shimono et al. (2007)Shimono M, Sugano S, Nakayama A, Jiang CJ, Ono K, Toki S and Takatsuji H (2007) Rice WRKY45 plays a crucial role in benzothiadiazole-inducible blast resistance. The Plant Cell 19: 2064-2076.
CYP71Z18	-	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Shen et al. (2019)Shen Q, Pu Q, Liang J, Mao H, Liu J and Wang Q (2019) CYP71Z18 overexpression confers elevated blast resistance in transgenic rice. Plant Molecular Biology 100: 579-589.
MoSDT1	Effector protein	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Wang et al. (2019)Wang C, Li C, Duan G, Wang Y, Zhang Y and Yang J (2019) Overexpression of Magnaporthe oryzae systemic defense trigger 1 (MoSDT1) confers improved rice blast resistance in rice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20: 4762.
Pi54	R gene	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Singh et al. (2020)Singh J, Gupta SK, Devanna BN, Singh S, Upadhyay A and Sharma TR (2020) Blast resistance gene Pi54 over-expressed in rice to understand its cellular and sub-cellular localization and response to different pathogens. Scientific Reports 10: 1-13.
OsCPK4	Calcium-dependent	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Bundó et al. (2016)Bundó M and Coca M (2016) Enhancing blast disease resistance by overexpression of the calcium‐dependent protein kinase OsCPK4 in rice. Plant Biotechnology Journal 14: 1357-1367.
RACK1A	Receptor for activated C-kinase 1A	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Nakashima et al. (2008)Nakashima A, Chen L, Thao NP, Fujiwara M, Wong HL, Kuwano M, Umemura K, Shirasu K, Kawasaki T and Shimamoto K (2008) RACK1 functions in rice innate immunity by interacting with the Rac1 immune complex. The Plant Cell 20: 2265-2279.
OsCDR1	R gene	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Prasad et al. (2009)Prasad BD, Creissen G, Lamb C and Chattoo BB (2009) Overexpression of rice (Oryza sativa L.) OsCDR1 leads to constitutive activation of defense responses in rice and Arabidopsis. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 22: 1635-1644.
OsWRKY13	Regulating defense-related genes in salicylate-and jasmonate-dependent signaling	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Qiu et al. (2007)Qiu D, Xiao J, Ding X, Xiong M, Cai M, Cao Y, Li X, Xu C and Wang S (2007) OsWRKY13 mediates rice disease resistance by regulating defense-related genes in salicylate-and jasmonate-dependent signaling. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 20: 492-499.
GH3-2	-	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Fu et al. (2011)Fu J, Liu H, Li Y, Yu H, Li X, Xiao J and Wang S (2011) Manipulating broad-spectrum disease resistance by suppressing pathogen-induced auxin accumulation in rice. Plant Physiology 155: 589-602.
OsGH3.1	Component of the hormonal mechanism regulating	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Domingo et al. (2009)Domingo C, Andrés F, Tharreau D, Iglesias DJ and Talón M (2009) Constitutive expression of OsGH3.1 reduces auxin content and enhances defense response and resistance to a fungal pathogen in rice. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 22: 201-210.
OsNAC6	Transcription factor	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Nakashima et al. (2007)Nakashima K, Tran LSP, Van Nguyen D, Fujita M, Maruyama K, Todaka D, Ito Y, Hayashi N, Shinozaki K and Yamaguchi‐Shinozaki K (2007) Functional analysis of a NAC‐type transcription factor OsNAC6 involved in abiotic and biotic stress‐responsive gene expression in rice. The Plant Journal 51: 617-630.
OsSBP	Homologue of mammalian Selenium-binding proteins	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Sawada et al. (2004)Sawada K, Hasegawa M, Tokuda L, Kameyama J, Kodama O, Kohchi T, Yoshida K and Shinmyo A (2004) Enhanced resistance to blast fungus and bacterial blight in transgenic rice constitutively expressing OsSBP, a rice homologue of mammalian selenium-binding proteins. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 68: 873-880.
OsRacB	Allene oxide synthase gene	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Jung et al. (2006)Jung YH, Agrawal GK, Rakwal R, Kim JA, Lee MO, Choi PG, Kim YJ, Kim MJ, Shibato J, Kim SH and Iwahashi H (2006) Functional characterization of OsRacB GTPase-a potentially negative regulator of basal disease resistance in rice. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 44: 68-77.
OsAOS2	Allene oxide synthase gene increases the endogenous jasmonic acid level	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Mei et al. (2006)Mei C, Qi M, Sheng G and Yang Y (2006) Inducible overexpression of a rice allene oxide synthase gene increases the endogenous jasmonic acid level, PR gene expression, and host resistance to fungal infection. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 19: 1127-1137.
OsSERK1	Regulates somatic embryogenesis	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Hu et al. (2005)Hu H, Xiong L and Yang Y (2005) Rice SERK1 gene positively regulates somatic embryogenesis of cultured cell and host defense response against fungal infection. Planta 222: 107-117.
OsOxi1	Regulates basal disease resistance	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Matsui et al. (2010)Matsui H, Miyao A, Takahashi A and Hirochika H (2010) Pdk1 kinase regulates basal disease resistance through the OsOxi1-OsPti1a phosphorylation cascade in rice. Plant and Cell Physiology 51: 2082-2091.
Gns1	Stress-inducible β-glucanase	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Nishizawa et al. (2003)Nishizawa Y, Saruta M, Nakazono K, Nishio Z, Soma M, Yoshida T, Nakajima E and Hibi T (2003) Characterization of transgenic rice plants over-expressing the stress-inducible β-glucanase gene Gns1. Plant Molecular Biology 51: 143-152.
Rir1b	Defense-related	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Schaffrath et al. (2000)Schaffrath U, Mauch F, Freydl E, Schweizer P and Dudler R (2000) Constitutive expression of the defense-related Rir1b gene in transgenic rice plants confers enhanced resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Plant Molecular Biology 43: 59-66.
OsWAK1	Wall-associated receptor-like protein kinase gene	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Li et al. (2009)Li H, Zhou SY, Zhao WS, Su SC and Peng YL (2009) A novel wall-associated receptor-like protein kinase gene, OsWAK1, plays important roles in rice blast disease resistance. Plant Molecular Biology 69: 337-346.
OsSYP71	Oxidative stress and rice blast response gene	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Bao et al. (2012)Bao YM, Sun SJ, Li M, Li L, Cao WL, Luo J, Tang HJ, Huang J, Wang ZF, Wang JF and Zhang HS (2012) Overexpression of the Qc-SNARE gene OsSYP71 enhances tolerance to oxidative stress and resistance to rice blast in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Gene 504: 238-244.
BSR1	Putative receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase gene	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Dubouzet et al. (2011)Dubouzet JG, Maeda S, Sugano S, Ohtake M, Hayashi N, Ichikawa T, Kondou Y, Kuroda H, Horii Y, Matsui M and Oda K (2011) Screening for resistance against Pseudomonas syringae in rice‐FOX Arabidopsis lines identified a putative receptor‐like cytoplasmic kinase gene that confers resistance to major bacterial and fungal pathogens in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Biotechnology Journal 9: 466-485.
OsACS2	Key enzyme of ethylene biosynthesis	Overexpression	High resistance against blast	Helliwell et al. (2013)Helliwell EE, Wang Q and Yang Y (2013) Transgenic rice with inducible ethylene production exhibits broad-spectrum disease resistance to the fungal pathogens Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani. Plant Biotechnology Journal 11: 33-42.

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