Use of nanostructured and modified TiO<sub>2</sub> as a gas sensing agent

Alves Junior, R.; Alves, H. P. A.; Cartaxo, J. M.; Rodrigues, A. M.; Neves, G. A.; Menezes, R. R.

doi:10.1590/0366-69132021673833128

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Articles • Cerâmica 67 (383) • Jul-Sep 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132021673833128 copy

Use of nanostructured and modified TiO₂ as a gas sensing agent

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) has attracted interest for sensory applications due to its high surface area and the high density of active adsorption sites. This review shows the effect of the nanostructure, synthesis technique, operating temperature, target gas, and the impact of incorporating metallic elements on the detection properties of TiO₂. The studies showed that the TiO₂ gas detection process is closely related to surface reactions. Therefore, sensing properties, such as sensitivity, response time, and recovery, vary with factors that influence the surface reactions, such as chemical elements, morphology, microstructure of the depletion layer, and operating temperature.

Keywords:
titanium dioxide; metallic elements; detection properties

Synthesis technique	Sensitive gas	Operating temperature	Detection limit range	Nanostructure	Response time	Ref.
Spin-coating	NH₃, H₂S, NO, CH₃OH, C₂H₅OH	200 ºC	20-100 ppm	Nanoparticle (crystal)	-	⁸³83 S.G. Pawar, S.L. Patil, M.A. Chougule, B.T. Raut, P.R. Godase, R.N. Mulik, S. Sen, V.B. Patil , Sens. J. 11(2011) 2980.
Sol-gel	Petroleum gas	-	-	Nanoparticle (crystal)	240 s	⁸⁴84 B.C. Yadav, S.R. Sabhajeet, R.K. Sonker, J. Mater. Sci . Res. 2018(2018) 114.
Magnetron reactive sputtering	NH₃	30 ºC	5-100 ppm	Nanoparticle (crystal)	34 s	⁸⁵85 P. Dhivya, A.K. Prasad, M. Sridharan, Ceram. Int. 40(2014) 409.
Thermal oxidation	Ethanol, H₂	400 ºC	50-100 ppm	Nanowire	120-240 s	⁷⁷77 H.M.M.M. Arachchige, D. Zappa , N. Poli, N. Gunawardhana, N.H. Attanayake, E. Comini , Nanomaterials 10 (2020) 935.
Ti deposition	CO	400 ºC	1 ppm	Nanowire	-	⁶³63 J.-S. Lee, A. Katoch, J.-H. Kim, S.S. Kim , J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 16(2016) 11580.
Hydrothermal	Organic gases	500 ºC	-	Nanotube	-	⁸⁶86 M.-H. Seo, M. Yuasa, T. Kida, J.-S. Huh, K. Shimanoe , N. Yamazoe , Sens. Actuator B Chem. 137(2009) 513.
Hydrothermal	NO₂	180 ºC	100 ppm	Nanowire	10 s	⁸⁷87 Z. Zhu, S.-J. Lin, C.-H. Wu, R.-J. Wu, Sens. Actuator A Phys. 272(2018) 288.
Hydrothermal	Toluene	500 ºC	100 ppm	Nanotube	-	⁸⁸88 M.-H. Seo , M. Yuasa , T. Kida , J.-S. Huh , K. Shimanoe , N. Yamazoe , Sens. Actuator B Chem. 137(2009) 513.
Hydrothermal	H₂	200 ºC	500 ppm	Nanorod	-	⁸⁹89 O. Alev, E. Şennik, N. Kılınç, Z.Z. Öztürk, Procedia Eng. 120(2015) 1162.
Hydrothermal	Triethylamine	290 ºC	100 ppm	Nanorod	2 s	⁹⁰90 H. Yang, X.- L. Cheng , X.-F. Zhang, Z. Zheng, X. Tang, Y.-M. Xu, S. Gao, H. Zhao, L.-H. Huo, Sens. Actuator B Chem. 205(2014) 322.
Anodizing	Formaldehyde	30 ºC	10-50 ppm	Nanotube	-	⁹¹91 S. Lin, D. Li, J. Wu, X. Li, S.A. Akbar, Sens. Actuator B Chem. 156(2011) 505.
Anodizing	NH₃	30 ºC	150 ppm	Nanotube	-	⁹²92 P.M. Perillo , D.F. Rodríguez, Sens. Actuator B Chem. 171-172 (2012) 639.
Electron beam lithography	Ethanol	300 ºC	0.2 mg	Nanowire	3.2 s	⁹³93 W.-C. Tian, Y.-H. Ho, C.-H. Chen, C.-Y. Kuo, Sensors 13 (2013) 865.
Acid vapor oxidation	O₂	30 ºC	16%	Nanorod	55 s	⁷⁹79 H. Wang, Q. Sun, Y. Yao, Y. Li , J. Wang , L. Chen, Ceram. Int. 42 (2016) 8565.
Electrospinning	Acetone	500 ºC	150 ppm	Nanorod	11 s	⁸⁰80 H. Bian, S. Ma , A. Sun, X. Xu, G. Yang, J. Gao, Z. Zhang , H. Zhu, Superlattices Microstruct. 81(2015) 107.
Electrospinning	CO	200 ºC	25 ppm	Nanofiber	3.8 s	⁸¹81 J.-A. Park, J. Moon, S.-J. Lee, S.H. Kim, T. Zyung, H.Y. Chu, Thin Solid Films 518(2010) 6642.
Electrospinning	Ethanol	300 ºC	100 ppm	Nanofiber	15 s	⁹⁴94 L. Li, Z. Tong, W. Zhi-Jun, L. Shou-Chun, T. Yun-Xia, L. Wei, Chin. Phys. Lett. 26(2009) 90701.

Material	Synthesis method	Temperature	Gas concentration	Sensitive gas	Sensor response	Ref.
Fe/TiO₂	Mechanochemical grinding	270 ºC	500 ppm	H₂	94.1%^a	¹³²132 S.B. Eadi, S. Kim, S.W. Jeong, H.W. Jeon, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2017(2017) 2191659.
Co/TiO₂	Evaporation-induced self-assembly	30 ºC	1000 ppm	H₂	1.1x103^b	¹³³133 Z. Li , A.A. Haidry , T. Wang, Z.J. Yao, Appl. Phys . Lett. 111(2017) 32104.
Nb/TiO₂	Hydrothermal	30 ºC	8000 ppm	H₂	98.9%^c	¹³⁴134 Y. Bao, P. Wei, X. Xia, Z. Huang, K. Homewood, Y. Gao, Sens. Actuator B Chem. 301(2019) 127143.
Cr/TiO₂ NT	Anodizing	400 ºC	100 ppm	CO	3.4^b	¹³⁵135 Y. Gönüllü, A.A. Haidry , B. Saruhan, Sens. Actuator B Chem. 217(2015) 78.
Ni/TiO₂	Electrospray	302 ºC	100 ppm	Xylene	4.4^b	¹³⁶136 L. Zhu, D. Zhang , Y. Wang , C. Feng, J. Zhou, C. Liu, S. Ruan, RSC Adv. 5(2015) 28105.
W/TiO₂	Sol-gel+spin coating	200 ºC	10000 ppm	CO₂	1.34^b	¹³⁷137 M. Saberi, A.L.I.A. Ashkarran, Surf. Rev. Lett. 24(2017) 1850024.
W/TiO₂	Hydrothermal	240 ºC	500 ppm	Acetone	173.67^b	¹³⁸138 L. Wang, X. Xing , N. Chen , R. Zhao , Z. Wang , T. Zou , W. Zhezhe, Y. Wang, J. Nanostructures 10(2020) 148.
Cr/TiO₂	Confocal sputtering	300 ºC	1000 ppm	Propane	67.55%^c	¹¹⁹119 B.C. Sertel, H.I. Efkere, S. Ozcelik, IEEE Sens. J. 20(2020) 13436.
Zn/TiO₂	Spin coating	30 ºC	1.5 vol%	LPG	0.462^b	¹³⁹139 S.R. Sabhajeet , R.K. Sonker , B.C. Yadav, Adv. Sci. Eng. Med. 10(2018) 736.
Sn/TiO₂	Spray pyrolysis	300 ºC	100 ppm	H₂	77^b	¹⁴⁰140 D.N. Suryawanshi, I.G. Pathan, A.R. Bari, L.A. Patil, J. Eng. Sci. 11(2020) 1242.
Y/TiO₂	Spin coating	250 ºC	300 ppm	NH₃	125^d	¹⁴¹141 M.A. Kaiyum, N. Ahmed, A. Alam, M.S. Rahman, Res. Square (2020) 1.
Mn/TiO₂	Hydrothermal	30 ºC	20 ppm	NH₃	127.39^b	¹⁴²142 Z.P. Tshabalala, K. Shingange, F.R. Cummings, O.M. Ntwaeaborwa, G.H. Mhlongo, D.E. Motaung, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 504(2017) 371.
N/TiO₂	Evaporation	30 ºC	250 ppm	Acetone	17.6^b	¹⁴³143 Y. Zhang , Q. Yang, X. Yang, Y. Deng, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 270(2018) 75.

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Use of nanostructured and modified TiO2 as a gas sensing agent

Abstract

Use of nanostructured and modified TiO₂ as a gas sensing agent