Figure 1:
Number of papers published over the past years regarding the freeze-casting process (a), and the number of papers focused on the preparation of ceramic materials by freeze-casting (b), from 2000 to 2019 based on Web of Science Core Collection.
Figure 2:
Schematic of the steps of the freeze-casting method.
Figure 3:
Types of anisotropic and isotropic microstructures that can be obtained by freeze-casting.
Figure 4:
Relationship between porosity and the amount of solids in the suspension for freeze-cast ceramics 88 R. Liu, J. Yuan, C.-A. Wang, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 33, 15-16 (2013) 3249.), (2727 S. Devavarapu, P. Chaudhuri, A. Shrivastava, S. Bhattacharyya, Ceram. Int. 45, 9 (2019) 12264.), (5454 S.W. Sofie, F. Dogan, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 84, 7 (2001) 1459.), (5757 K. Araki, J.W. Halloran, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 88, 5 (2005) 1108.)- (6262 R. Zhang , Q. Qu, B. Han, B. Wang, Mater. Lett. 175 (2016) 219..
Figure 5:
Literature data on particle size and pore size of ceramic materials obtained by freeze-casting 88 R. Liu, J. Yuan, C.-A. Wang, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 33, 15-16 (2013) 3249.), (6464 S.M. Miller, X. Xiao, J.A. Setlock, K.T. Faber, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 38, 15 (2018) 5134.)- (6767 L. Hu , C.-A. Wang, Y. Huang, C. Sun, S. Lu, Z. Hu, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 30, 16 (2010) 3389..
Figure 6:
Morphology variation of pores in freeze-cast bodies according to the proportion of H2O and TBA.
Figure 7:
Types of microstructures obtained varying the solvent in the freeze-casting process.
Figure 8:
Relationship between freezing temperature and median pore size of ceramic materials obtained by freeze-casting 88 R. Liu, J. Yuan, C.-A. Wang, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 33, 15-16 (2013) 3249.), (1515 M. Fukushima, M. Nakata, Y. Zhou, T. Ohji, Y.-I. Yoshizawa, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 30, 14 (2010) 2889.), (6767 L. Hu , C.-A. Wang, Y. Huang, C. Sun, S. Lu, Z. Hu, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 30, 16 (2010) 3389.), (7070 S.M. Miller , X. Xiao , K.T. Faber , J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 35, 13 (2015) 3595.), (7575 J. Wu, B. Luo, X. Liu, L. Zhang, J. Porous Mater. 25, 1 (2017) 37.)- (7777 M.-Q. Sun, P. Shen, Q.-C. Jiang, J. Mater. Sci. 54, 7 (2018) 5224..
Figure 9:
Crystal orientations using directional freezing.
Figure 10:
Influence of freezing speed on particle trapping.
Figure 11:
Microstructures obtained by the freeze-casting method using different additives.
Figure 12:
Correlation between porosity and compressive strength of ceramics manufactured by freeze-casting 1616 M. Fukushima, T. Ohji, H. Hyuga, C. Matsunaga, Y.-I. Yoshizawa, J. Mater. Res. 32, 17 (2017) 3286.), (6161 Y. Tang, Q. Miao, S. Qiu, K. Zhao, L. Hu, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 34, 15 (2014) 4077.), (6262 R. Zhang , Q. Qu, B. Han, B. Wang, Mater. Lett. 175 (2016) 219.), (7272 L.D. Lacerda, D.F. Souza, E.H.M. Nunes, M. Houmard, Ceram. Int. 44, 13 (2018) 16010.), (7575 J. Wu, B. Luo, X. Liu, L. Zhang, J. Porous Mater. 25, 1 (2017) 37.), (7777 M.-Q. Sun, P. Shen, Q.-C. Jiang, J. Mater. Sci. 54, 7 (2018) 5224.), (9090 Z.-J. Hu, X.-T. Shen, S.-L. Geng, P. Shen , Q.-C. Jiang , Ceram. Int. 44, 5 (2018) 5803.)- (9393 Y. Zhang , L. Hu , J. Han, Z. Jiang, Ceram. Int. 36, 2 (2010) 617..