Dióxido de titânio nanoestruturado para uso em implantes ósseos: uma breve revisão

Neta, I. A. Bezerra; Mota, M. F.; Lira, H. L.; Neves, G. A.; Menezes, R. R.

doi:10.1590/0366-69132020663802905

I. A. Bezerra Neta ^* * ioneamorimbezerra@gmail.com

Federal University of Campina Grande, Academic Unit of Materials Engineering, Materials Technology Laboratory, Av. Aprígio Veloso 882, 58109-970, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5744-8055

M. F. Mota

Federal University of Campina Grande, Academic Unit of Materials Engineering, Materials Technology Laboratory, Av. Aprígio Veloso 882, 58109-970, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil

H. L. Lira

Federal University of Campina Grande, Academic Unit of Materials Engineering, Materials Technology Laboratory, Av. Aprígio Veloso 882, 58109-970, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil

G. A. Neves

Federal University of Campina Grande, Academic Unit of Materials Engineering, Materials Technology Laboratory, Av. Aprígio Veloso 882, 58109-970, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil

R. R. Menezes

Federal University of Campina Grande, Academic Unit of Materials Engineering, Materials Technology Laboratory, Av. Aprígio Veloso 882, 58109-970, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil

* ioneamorimbezerra@gmail.com

Table I Properties of anatase, rutile, and brookite.

Property	Anatase	Rutile	Brookite	Ref.
Structure	Tetragonal	Tetragonal	Orthorhombic	⁴⁵45 V. Zainullina, V. Zhukov, M. Korotin, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C 22 (2015) 58. ^{), (} ⁵³53 M. Erol, O. Ertugrul, Ceram. Int . 44 (2018) 2991. ^)-( ⁵⁶56 L. Wang, Y. Cai, L. Song, W. Nie, Y. Zhou , P. Chen, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 461 (2014) 195.
Space group	I4₁/amd	P42/mnm	Pbca	⁴³43 N. Rahimi, R.A. Pax, E.M. Gray, Prog. Solid. State Ch. 44 (2016) 86. ^{), (} ⁴⁴44 O. Carp, C.L. Huisman, A. Reller, Prog. Solid. State Ch. 32 (2004) 33. ^{), (} ⁵⁷57 I. Ali , M. Suhail , Z.A. Alothman , A. Alwarthan , RSC Adv . 8 (2018) 30125. ^)-( ⁵⁹59 R. Singh, S. Dutta, Fuel 220 (2018) 607.
Unit cell parameters (nm)	a=0.3733-0.3785	a=0.45936-0.4594	a=0.917-0.9184	⁴⁴44 O. Carp, C.L. Huisman, A. Reller, Prog. Solid. State Ch. 32 (2004) 33. ^{), (} ⁴⁵45 V. Zainullina, V. Zhukov, M. Korotin, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C 22 (2015) 58. ^{), (} ⁵⁰50 D.A. Hanaor, C.C. Sorrell, J. Mater. Sci. 46 (2011) 855. ^{), (} ⁵⁷57 I. Ali , M. Suhail , Z.A. Alothman , A. Alwarthan , RSC Adv . 8 (2018) 30125. ^{), (} ⁵⁸58 S.M. Gupta, M. Tripathi, Chin. Sci. Bull. 56 (2011) 1639. ^{), (} ⁶⁰60 Z. Li, Z. Yao, A.A. Haidry, T. Plecenik, L. Xie, L. Sun, Q. Fatima, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 43, 45 (2018) 21114. ^)-( ⁶²62 X. Yan , X. Chen , in “Encyclopedia of inorganic and bioinorganic chemistry”, John Wiley Sons (2015) 1.
	c=0.937-0.9515	c=0.2953-0.29589	b=0.5447-0.546
			c=0.514-0.5154
Cell volume (Å³)	34.02-34.061	31.12-31.216	32.172-32.20	⁴³43 N. Rahimi, R.A. Pax, E.M. Gray, Prog. Solid. State Ch. 44 (2016) 86. ^{), (} ⁴⁵45 V. Zainullina, V. Zhukov, M. Korotin, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C 22 (2015) 58. ^{), (} ⁵⁷57 I. Ali , M. Suhail , Z.A. Alothman , A. Alwarthan , RSC Adv . 8 (2018) 30125. ^)-( ⁵⁹59 R. Singh, S. Dutta, Fuel 220 (2018) 607.
Ti-O bond length (Å)	1.937-1.94(4)	1.946-1.95(4)	-	⁴³43 N. Rahimi, R.A. Pax, E.M. Gray, Prog. Solid. State Ch. 44 (2016) 86. ^{), (} ⁵¹51 M. Pelaez, N.T. Nolan, S.C. Pillai, M.K. Seery, P. Falaras, A.G. Kontos, P.S. Dunlop, J.W. Hamilton, J.A. Byrne, K. O’Shea, Appl. Catal. B 125 (2012) 331. ^{), (} ⁵⁷57 I. Ali , M. Suhail , Z.A. Alothman , A. Alwarthan , RSC Adv . 8 (2018) 30125. ^{), (} ⁵⁸58 S.M. Gupta, M. Tripathi, Chin. Sci. Bull. 56 (2011) 1639.
Ti-O bond length (Å)	1.965-1.97(2)	1.980-1.984(2)	-
O-Ti-O bond angle	77.7-102°	81.1-98.9°	80.7-105°	⁴⁵45 V. Zainullina, V. Zhukov, M. Korotin, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C 22 (2015) 58. ^{), (} ⁵⁷57 I. Ali , M. Suhail , Z.A. Alothman , A. Alwarthan , RSC Adv . 8 (2018) 30125. ^{), (} ⁵⁸58 S.M. Gupta, M. Tripathi, Chin. Sci. Bull. 56 (2011) 1639. ^{), (} ⁶³63 S. Livraghi, M. Rolando, S. Maurelli, M. Chiesa, M.C. Paganini, E. Giamello, J. Phys. Chem. C 118 (2014) 22141.
Specific density (g/cm³)	3.79-3.83	4.13-4.25	3.99-4.170	⁴⁴44 O. Carp, C.L. Huisman, A. Reller, Prog. Solid. State Ch. 32 (2004) 33. ^{), (} ⁵⁰50 D.A. Hanaor, C.C. Sorrell, J. Mater. Sci. 46 (2011) 855. ^{), (} ⁵⁴54 H. Lin , L. Li, M. Zhao, X. Huang, X. Chen , G. Li, R. Yu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (2012) 8328. ^{), (} ⁵⁹59 R. Singh, S. Dutta, Fuel 220 (2018) 607. ^{), (} ⁶²62 X. Yan , X. Chen , in “Encyclopedia of inorganic and bioinorganic chemistry”, John Wiley Sons (2015) 1.
Band gap energy (eV)	3.20-3.30	3.01-3.02	3.13-3.26	⁴¹41 A. Tan, B. Pingguan-Murphy, R. Ahmad, S. Akbar, Ceram. Int . 38 (2012) 4421. ^{), (} ⁶¹61 R. Verma, J. Gangwar, A.K. Srivastava, RSC Adv . 7 (2017) 44199. ^{), (} ⁶⁴64 H. Abdullah, M.M.R. Khan, H.R. Ong, Z. Yaakob, J. CO2 Util. 22 (2017) 15. ^)-( ⁷⁰70 A. Zaleska, Recent Pat. Eng. 2 (2008) 157.

Table II Processing methods of nanostructured TiO2.

Method	Calcination temperature	Morphology	Phase	Size	Ref.
Anodization of Ti	530 °C	Nanotube	Anatase	Nanotube diameter: 70-110 nm	¹⁰⁵105 K. Cowden , M.F. Dias-Netipanyj , K.C. Popat , Nanomedicine 17 (2019) 380.
Anodization of Ti	450 °C	Nanotube	Anatase	Nanotube diameter: 160-200 nm	¹⁴⁰140 T. Tenkyong, J.S.S. Mary, B. Praveen, K. Pugazhendhi, D. Sharmila, J.M. Shyla, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 83 (2018) 150.
Anodization of Ti	420 °C	Nanotube	Anatase	Nanotube diameter: 45-60 nm	¹⁴¹141 C.T. Teodorescu-Soare, C. Catrinescu, M. Dobromir, G. Stoian, A. Arvinte, D. Luca, J. Electroanal. Chem. 823 (2018) 388.
Anodization of Ti	450 °C	Nanotube	Anatase	Nanotube diameter: 26-115 nm	¹⁴²142 B.B. Çirak, S.M. Karadeniz, T. Kilinç, B. Caglar, A.E. Ekinci, H. Yelgin, M. Kürekçi, Ç. Çirak, Vacuum 144 (2017) 183.
Anodization of Ti	450 °C	Nanotube	Anatase	Nanotube diameter: 65.7-87 nm	¹⁴³143 T. Hoseinzadeh, Z. Ghorannevis, M. Ghoranneviss, Appl. Phys. A 123 (2017) 436.
Anodization of Ti	750 °C	Nanotube	Anatase, rutile	Nanotube diameter: 50-70 nm	¹⁴⁴144 F. Nasirpouri, I. Yousefi, E. Moslehifard, J. Khalil-Allafi, Surf. Coat. Technol . 315 (2017) 163.
Anodization of Ti	-	Nanotube	-	Nanotube diameter: 174.2-235.3 nm	¹⁴⁵145 S. Chen, Q. Chen, M. Gao, S. Yan, R. Jin, X. Zhu, Surf. Coat. Technol . 321 (2017) 257.
Anodization of Ti	450 °C	Nanotube	Anatase	Nanotube diameter: 45 nm	¹⁴⁶146 E. Zalnezhad, E. Maleki, S. Banihashemian, J. Park, Y.B. Kim, M. Sarraf, A. Sarhan, S. Ramesh, Mater. Res. Bull. 78 (2016) 179.
Anodization of Ti	500 °C	Nanotube	Anatase	Nanotube diameter: 30-90 nm	¹⁴⁷147 L. Qin, Q. Chen , R. Lan, R. Jiang, X. Quan, B. Xu, F. Zhang, Y. Jia, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 31 (2015) 1059.
Anodization of Ti	480 °C	Nanotube	Anatase	Nanotube diameter: 40-80 nm	¹⁴⁸148 Z. Lockman, S. Sreekantan, S. Ismail, L. Schmidt-Mende, J.L. MacManus-Driscoll, J. Alloys Compd. 503 (2010) 359.
Anodization of Ti	450 °C	Nanotube	Anatase	Nanotube diameter: 20-120 nm	¹⁴⁹149 W. Yu, Y. Zhang , X. Jiang, F. Zhang , Oral Dis. 16 (2010) 624.
Anodization of Ti	500 °C	Nanotube	Anatase	Nanotube diameter: 80-100 nm	¹⁵⁰150 Z. Liu , X. Zhang , S. Nishimoto, T. Murakami, A. Fujishima, Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2008) 8547.
Anodization of Ti	580 °C	Nanotube	Anatase	Nanotube diameter: 165 nm	¹⁵¹151 H.E. Prakasam, K. Shankar, M. Paulose, O.K. Varghese, C.A. Grimes, J. Phys. Chem. C 111 (2007) 7235.
Anodization of Ti	-	Nanotube	-	Nanotube diameter: 15-120 nm	¹⁵²152 S. Bauer, S. Kleber, P. Schmuki , Electrochem. Commun. 8 (2006) 1321.
Anodization of Ti	480 °C	Nanotube	Anatase, rutile	Nanotube diameter: 40-110 nm	¹⁵³153 Q. Cai, M. Paulose , O.K. Varghese , C.A. Grimes, J. Mater. Res. 20 (2005) 230.
Anodization of Ti	-	Nanotube	-	Nanotube diameter: 50-100 nm	¹⁵⁴154 A. Ghicov, H. Tsuchiya, J.M. Macak, P. Schmuki , Electrochem. Commun . 7 (2005) 505.
Sol-gel	400 °C	Nanoparticle	Anatase	Crystallite size: 11-22 nm	¹⁵⁵155 M. Andrade-Guel, L. Díaz-Jiménez, D. Cortés-Hernández, C. Cabello-Alvarado, C. Ávila-Orta, P. Bartolo-Pérez, P. Gamero-Melo, Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. V. 58 (2019) 171.
Sol-gel	500 °C	Nanoparticle	Anatase	Particle size: 51.98 nm	¹⁵⁶156 J. Liang, J. Wang, K. Song, X. Wang, K. Yu, C. Liang, J. Rare Earths 37 (2019) 1.
Sol-gel	800 °C	Nanoparticle	Anatase, rutile	Particle size: 47 nm	¹⁵⁷157 V. Singh, A. Rao, A. Tiwari, P. Yashwanth, M. Lal, U. Dubey, S. Aich, B. Roy, J. Phys. Chem . Solids 134 (2019) 262.
Sol-gel	400 °C	Nanoparticle	Anatase	Crystallite size: 17.7 nm	¹⁵⁸158 E. Blanco, M. Domínguez, J. González-Leal, E. Márquez, J. Outón, M. Ramírez-del-Solar, Appl. Surf. Sci . 439 (2018) 736.
Sol-gel	400 °C	Nanoparticle	Anatase	Crystallite size: 13.8 nm	¹⁵⁹159 R.G. Nair, S. Ojah, P.M. Kumar, S. Nikhil, S. Samdarshi, Mater. Lett. 221 (2018) 313.
Sol-gel	450 °C	Nanoparticle	Anatase	Crystallite size: 10 nm	¹⁶⁰160 T.N. Singh, T.G. Devi, S.D. Singh, Nano-Struct. Nano-Obj. 11 (2017) 65.
Sol-gel	500 °C	Nanoparticle	Anatase	Crystallite size: 19.3 nm	¹⁶¹161 T. Balaganapathi, B. Kaniamuthan, S. Vinoth, P. Thilakan, Mater. Chem. Phys. 189 (2017) 50.
Sol-gel	550 °C	Nanoparticle	Anatase	Particle size: 0.8 mm	¹⁶²162 D. Dastan, Appl. Phys. A 123 (2017) 699.
Sol-gel	950 °C	Nanoparticle	Rutile	Particle size: 1.0 mm	¹⁶²162 D. Dastan, Appl. Phys. A 123 (2017) 699.
Sol-gel	700 °C	Nanoparticle	Anatase, rutile	Crystallite size: 80 nm	¹⁶³163 F. Dejene, M. Onani, P. Tarus, Physica B Condens. Matter 480 (2016) 213.
Sol-gel	500 °C	Nanoparticle	Anatase	Crystallite size: 20 nm	¹⁶³163 F. Dejene, M. Onani, P. Tarus, Physica B Condens. Matter 480 (2016) 213.
Sol-gel	400 °C	Nanoparticle	Anatase	Crystallite size: 3.9 nm	¹⁶⁴164 B. Tryba, M. Tygielska, C. Colbeau-Justin, E. Kusiak-Nejman, J. Kapica-Kozar, R. Wróbel, G. Żołnierkiewicz, N. Guskos, Mater. Res. Bull . 84 (2016) 152.
Sol-gel	450 °C	Nanoparticle	Anatase	Particle size: 50-100 nm	¹⁶⁵165 B. Liu, J. Xiao, L. Xu, Y. Yao, B.F. Costa, V.F. Domingos, E.S. Ribeiro, F.-N. Shi, K. Zhou, J. Su, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 40 (2015) 4945.
Sol-gel	350 °C	Nanoparticle	Anatase	Particle size: 30-90 nm	¹⁶⁶166 Z. Li, Y. Zhu, J. Wang , Q. Guo, J. Li, Ceram. Int . 41 (2015) 9057.
Sol-gel	400 °C	Nanoparticle	Anatase	Crystallite size: 27.4 nm	¹⁶⁷167 A.K. Tripathi, M.C. Mathpal, P. Kumar, M.K. Singh, M. Soler, A. Agarwal, J. Alloys Compd . 622 (2015) 37.
Sol-gel	400 °C	Nanoparticle	Anatase	Crystallite size: 13.7 nm	⁵⁶56 L. Wang, Y. Cai, L. Song, W. Nie, Y. Zhou , P. Chen, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 461 (2014) 195.
Sol-gel	600 °C	Nanoparticle	Anatase, rutile	Crystallite size: 25.8 nm	⁵⁶56 L. Wang, Y. Cai, L. Song, W. Nie, Y. Zhou , P. Chen, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 461 (2014) 195.

Table III Studies of the biological properties of nanostructured TiO2.

Method	Phase	Type of cell	Type of test	Cell response	Ref.
Anodization	-	MG-63	Contact angle, atomic force microscopy, in vitro assay	Hydrophilicity; cells exhibit rounded morphology with small filopodia on the surface; high adhesion of MG-63 cells to TiO₂ nanotubes	¹⁸⁵185 M. Fathi, B. Akbari, A. Taheriazam, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 103 (2019) 109743.
Anodization	Anatase	MC3T3	Contact angle, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity	Hydrophilicity; after 7 days of culture, ALP of MC3T3 grown in different samples exceeded the Ti substrate	¹⁷17 G. Wang, Y. Wan, B. Ren, Z. Liu, Mater. Sci. Eng . C 95 (2019) 114.
Anodization	Anatase	G8080	Contact angle, cell proliferation	Hydrophilicity, with cells favoring cell proliferation	¹⁸⁶186 M.F. Dias-Netipanyj, K. Cowden, L.S. Santos, S.C. Cogo, S. Elifio-Esposito, K.C. Popat, P. Soares, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 103 (2019) 109850.
Anodization	Anatase + rutile	G8080	Contact angle, cell proliferation	TiO₂ nanotubes less hydrophilic, with more stimulated proliferation, compared to that containing only anatase phase	¹⁸⁶186 M.F. Dias-Netipanyj, K. Cowden, L.S. Santos, S.C. Cogo, S. Elifio-Esposito, K.C. Popat, P. Soares, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 103 (2019) 109850.
Anodization	-	MC3T3-E1	Contact angle, atomic force microscopy, in vivo	Hydrophilicity; surface grown osteoblastic cells exhibit a well-distributed cytoskeleton organization; in vivo tests indicate that the anodized surface of the implant promotes osseointegration and greater bone binding strength than pure Ti substrate	¹⁸⁷187 Y. Li, Y. You, B. Li, Y. Song, A. Ma, B. Chen, W. Han, C. Li, J. Hard Tissue Biol. 28 (2019) 13.
Anodization	Anatase	hBMSCs	Contact angle, immersion in SBF, in vitro assay	Hydrophilicity; formation of hydroxyapatite after 21 days in simulated body fluid (SBF)	¹⁸⁸188 W.-E. Yang, H.-H. Huang, Appl. Surf. Sci . 471 (2019) 1041.
Anodization	Anatase	-	Contact angle	Hydrophilicity	¹⁸⁹189 P. Agilan, N. Rajendran, Appl. Surf. Sci . 439 (2018) 66.
Anodization	Anatase	MC3T3-E1	Contact angle, atomic force microscopy, immersion in SBF	Hydrophilicity; formation of hydroxyapatite after 12 days in SBF	¹⁹⁰190 D.P. Bhattarai, S. Shrestha, B.K. Shrestha, C.H. Park, C.S. Kim, Chem. Eng. J. 350 (2018) 57.
Anodization	Anatase + rutile	SAOS-2	Contact angle, cell proliferation, fluorescence microscopy	Hydrophilicity; cells adhere to all the surfaces; seeded osteoblasts promote adhesion	¹⁹¹191 R. Aguirre, M. Echeverry Rendón, D. Quintero, J.G. Castaño, M.C. Harmsen, S. Robledo, F. Echeverría E., J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 106 (2018) 1341.
Anodization	Anatase + rutile	-	Immersion in SBF	Formation of hydroxyapatite after 7 and 14 days in SBF	¹⁴⁴144 F. Nasirpouri, I. Yousefi, E. Moslehifard, J. Khalil-Allafi, Surf. Coat. Technol . 315 (2017) 163.
Anodization	Anatase	G-292	Scanning electron microscopy, immersion in SBF	Cells attached to the surface of nanotubes became increasingly elongated and formed filopodia; formation of hydroxyapatite after 5 and 10 days in SBF	¹⁹²192 N. Khoshnood, A. Zamanian, A. Massoudi , Mater. Lett . 185 (2016) 374.
Anodization	Anatase	MC3T3-E1	Immersion in SBF, in vitro assay	Formation of hydroxyapatite after 3 days in SBF, with size increasing as a function of immersion time	¹⁹³193 Y. Bai, I.S. Park, H.H. Park, M.H. Lee, T.S. Bae, W. Duncan, M. Swain, Surf. Interface Anal. 43 (2011) 998.
Anodization	Anatase + rutile	MC3T3-E1	Immersion in SBF, in vitro assay	Formation of hydroxyapatite after 3 days in SBF; a greater amount of hydroxyapatite was formed in the synthesized sample containing the anatase and rutile mixture than in the sample containing only anatase	¹⁹³193 Y. Bai, I.S. Park, H.H. Park, M.H. Lee, T.S. Bae, W. Duncan, M. Swain, Surf. Interface Anal. 43 (2011) 998.
Anodization	Anatase + rutile	MC3T3-E1	Atomic force microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, Alizarin Red staining protocol	Cells grown on nanotubes disperse better and put forth more filopodia than smooth layers; cytoskeleton of osteoblasts grown on anatase display a regular arrangement	¹⁴⁹149 W. Yu, Y. Zhang , X. Jiang, F. Zhang , Oral Dis. 16 (2010) 624.
Anodization	-	HSCs	Scanning electron microscopy, cell proliferation	Cells normally disperse on nanotubes, forming several filopodia	¹⁹⁴194 J. Park , S. Bauer , K.A. Schlegel, F.W. Neukam, K. Von Der Mark , P. Schmuki , Small 5 (2009) 666.
Anodization	Anatase	MC3T3-E1	Atomic force microscopy, contact angle, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity	Osteoblasts grown on the surface of TiO₂ nanotubes showed several filopodia extending along the main edges; hydrophilicity; extremely elongated cell morphology and high levels of alkaline phosphatase	¹⁷⁴174 K.S. Brammer , S. Oh, C.J. Cobb, L.M. Bjursten, H. van der Heyde, S. Jin, Acta Biomater . 5 (2009) 3215.
Anodization	Anatase + rutile	OPC1	Atomic force microscopy, contact angle, alkaline phosphatase activity	Hydrophilicity; filamentous network-like structure with excellent cell to cell connection; ALP in osteoblasts was high after the 5^th day of culture	¹⁹⁵195 K. Das, S. Bose, A. Bandyopadhyay, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 90 (2009) 225.
Anodization	Anatase	-	Immersion in SBF	Formation of hydroxyapatite after 2 days in SBF	¹⁹⁶196 J. Kunze, L. Müller, J.M. Macak , P. Greil, P. Schmuki , F.A. Müller, Electrochim. Acta 53 (2008) 6995.
Anodization	-	G8080	Alkaline phosphatase activity, in vitro assays	Approximately 50% increase in ALP levels on nanotube surfaces after 3 weeks of culture; TiO₂ nanotubes did not cause chronic inflammation or fibrosis under in vivo conditions	¹⁹⁷197 K.C. Popat , L. Leoni, C.A. Grimes , T.A. Desai, Biomaterials 28 (2007) 3188.
Anodization	Anatase	MC3T3-E1	Alkaline phosphatase activity, environmental scanning electron microscopy	Cells grown on TiO₂ nanotubes presented filopodia; cell growth accelerated by up to 300-400%	¹⁹⁸198 S. Oh , C. Daraio, L.H. Chen, T.R. Pisanic, R.R. Finones, S. Jin , J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 78 (2006) 97.
Sol-gel	Anatase	-	Atomic force microscopy	Ca-doped TiO₂ gels showed good adhesion	¹⁹⁹199 B. Burnat, J. Robak, A. Leniart, I. Piwoński, D. Batory, Ceram. Int . 43 (2017) 13735.
Sol-gel	Anatase	-	Immersion in SBF	Formation of hydroxyapatite after 28 days in SBF	²⁰⁰200 B. Burnat , J. Robak , D. Batory , A. Leniart , I. Piwoński , S. Skrzypek, M. Brycht, Surf. Coat. Technol . 280 (2015) 291.
Sol-gel	Anatase	-	Immersion in SBF	Formation of hydroxyapatite after 2 days in SBF	²⁰¹201 J. Coreño, A. Martínez , O. Coreño, A. Bolarín, F. Sánchez, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 64 (2003) 131.
Sol-gel	Anatase	-	Immersion in SBF	Amount of hydroxyapatite formed after 14 days in SBF was greater in the gels containing only anatase than in those containing anatase and rutile mixture	²⁰²202 M. Uchida, H.M. Kim, T. Kokubo, S. Fujibayashi, T. Nakamura, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 64 (2003) 164.
Sol-gel	Anatase + rutile	-	Immersion in SBF	Formation of hydroxyapatite after 14 days in SBF	²⁰²202 M. Uchida, H.M. Kim, T. Kokubo, S. Fujibayashi, T. Nakamura, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 64 (2003) 164.
Sol-gel	-	-	Immersion in SBF	Formation of hydroxyapatite after 3 to 6 days in SBF	²⁰³203 T. Peltola, M. Jokinen, H. Rahiala, M. Pätsi, J. Heikkilä, I. Kangasniemi, A. Yli-Urpo, J. Biomed. Mater. Res . 51 (2000) 200.

[1] * ioneamorimbezerra@gmail.com

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Dióxido de titânio nanoestruturado para uso em implantes ósseos: uma breve revisão

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