Construction and validation of a corruption perception scale at the citizen level

Vieira, Kelmara Mendes; Visentini, Monize Sâmara; Cunha, Ricardo Teixeira

doi:10.1590/1679-395120210173x

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Article • Cad. EBAPE.BR 20 (4) • Jul-Aug 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-395120210173x copy

Construction and validation of a corruption perception scale at the citizen level

Construcción y validación de una escala de percepción de la corrupción a nivel ciudadano

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The study described the creation and validation of the Corruption Perception Scale (CPS), which assesses how citizens perceive corruption. In a qualitative step, the instrument was evaluated by experts, followed by a pre-test. In the quantitative step, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed, totaling a sample of 1,075 cases. Finally, a methodology for the application of CPS was suggested. The final structure of the measure was composed of five dimensions at the individual level (knowledge, behavior, reflexes, control, and attitude), which position the citizen as the protagonist in the analysis of the phenomenon.

Keywords:
Corruption; Citizen; Metrics

Dimension	Item	CVC		Fleiss’ Kappa
Dimension	Item	Pertinence	Relevance
Knowledge	1	0.829	0.996	0.775
	2	0.913	0.829
	3	0.746	0.829
	4	0.913	0.913
	5	0.746	0.913
	6	0.746	0.829
	7	0.829	0.829
	8	0.913	0.913
	9	0.996	0.829
Behaviour	10	0.746	0.996	0.625
	11	0.913	0.829
	12	0.913	0.996
	13	0.913	0.996
	14	0.913	0.913
	15	0.913	0.996
Reflex	16	0.913	0.913	0.954
	17	0.913	0.913
	18	0.913	0.996
	19	0.913	0.829
	20	0.913	0.913
	21	0.996	0.913
	22	0.996	0.829
Control	23	0.996	0.829	0.786
	24	0.996	0.913
	25	0.913	0.913
	26	0.996	0.913
	27	0.996	0.913
	28	0.913	0.996
	29	0.996	0.996
	30	0.829	0.829
Attitude	31	0.996	0.829	0.698
	32	0.913	0.996
	33	0.913	0.829
	34	0.996	0.913
	35	0.913	0.829
	36	0.913	0.996
CPS		0.910	0.906	0.768

Dimension	Items	Factor loading	Explained Variance (%)	Real Parallel Analysis (estimated 95th percentile)	H Index	Alpha and Omega
Knowledge	Item 1	0.829	22.931	23.152 (7.023)	0.929	α=0.902 ; ω=0.902
	Item 2	0.553
	Item 4	0.616
	Item 5	0.762
	Item 6	0.869
	Item 7	0.785
	Item 8	0.797
	Item 9	0.640
Behaviour	Item 10	0.568	12.993	13.104 (6.384)	0.818	α=0.856 ; ω=0.858
	Item 11	0.558
	Item 12	0.741
	Item 13	0.670
	Item 14	0.887
	Item 15	0.748
Reflex	Item 16	0.404	9.974	9.964 (5.982)	0.924	α=0.874 ; ω=0.879
	Item 17	0.559
	Item 18	0.592
	Item 19	0.621
	Item 20	0.870
	Item 21	0.960
	Item 22	0.727
Control	Item 23	0.570	6.845	6.915 (5.673)	0.908	α=0.759 ; ω=0.763
	Item 24	0.431
	Item 25	0.622
	Item 26	0.576
	Item 28	0.624
	Item 30	0.684
Attitude	Item 31	0.661	5.464	5.511 (5.424)	0.853	α=0.802 ; ω=0.804
	Item 32	-0.528
	Item 33	0.727
	Item 34	0.763
	Item 35	-0.494
	Item 36	0.570

Fit indices	Knowledge		Behaviour		Reflex		Control		Attitude
Fit indices	Initial	Final	Initial	Final	Initial	Final	Initial	Final	Initial	Final
Chi-square (value)	423.891	5.900	182.150	2.433	339.930	0.670	40.897	1.558	46.452	1.587
Chi-square (probability)	0.000	0.052	0.000	0.119	0.000	0.413	0.000	0.459	0.000	0.208
Degrees of freedom	20	2	9	1	14	1	9	2	9	1
Chi-square / Degrees of Freedom	21.195	2.950	20.239	2.433	24.281	0.670	4.544	0.779	5.161	1.587
GFI	0.847	0.996	0.911	0.998	0.850	0.999	0.978	0.999	0.977	0.998
CFI	0.774	0.995	0.796	0.996	0.762	1.000	0.947	1.000	0.921	0.998
TLI	0.683	0.986	0.660	0.988	0.642	1.000	0.911	1.000	0.869	0.994
RMR	0.082	0.019	0.153	0.045	0.057	0.004	0.049	0.012	0.046	0.025
RMSEA	0.176	0.055	0.172	0.047	0.189	0.000	0.074	0.000	0.080	0.030

Dimensions	Restricted model		Free model		Chi-Square Difference
Dimensions	Chi-square	DF	Chi-square	DF
Knowledge-Behaviour	313.654	14	66.187	13	247.467
Knowledge-Reflex	701.489	19	64.537	14	636.952
Knowledge-Control	434.658	20	40.278	19	394.380
Knowledge-Attitude	412.577	14	20.234	13	392.343
Behaviour-Reflex	350.303	13	27.949	12	322.354
Behaviour-Control	263.458	14	21.132	13	242.326
Behaviour-Attitude	258.163	9	11.431	8	246.732
Reflex-Control	663.044	21	65.138	20	597.906
Reflex-Attitude	464.458	13	25.676	12	438.782
Control-Attitude	354.318	14	14.933	13	339.385

Fundação Getulio Vargas, Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública e de Empresas Rua Jornalista Orlando Dantas, 30 - sala 107, 22231-010 Rio de Janeiro/RJ Brasil, Tel.: (21) 3083-2731 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
E-mail: cadernosebape@fgv.br

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[1] Kelmara Mendes Vieira - Ph.D. in Administration from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Adjunct Professor at the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). E-mail: kelmara.vieira@ufsm.br