Variable |
Lab Method
|
Impact on water quality |
Source |
References |
pH |
Eletrometric method (Method 4500 H+) |
Acidification of rainwater |
Anthropogenic sources (vehicles, industrial activities) |
Fia et al. (2013FIA, R.; FRIZZARIM, S. S.; FIA, F. R. L. Análise Qualitativa de Poluentes na Água das Chuvas em Lavras - MG. Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos, v. 18, n.2, p.269-278, 2013.); Apha (2005) |
NH3
|
Photometer HI 83099 |
Neutralization of rainwater |
Anthropogenic sources (agricultural activities, fertilizers, grazing animals) |
Cerqueira et al. (2014CERQUEIRA, M. R. F.; PINTO, M. F.; DEROSSI, I. N.; ESTEVES, W. T.; SANTOS, M. D. R.; MATOS, M. A. C.; LOWINSOHN, D.; MATOS, R. C. Chemical characteristics of Rainwater at a southeastern site of Brazil. Atmospheric Pollution Research, v. 5, p. 253-261, 2014.); Zhang et al. (2014ZHANG, N.; CAO, J.; HE, Y.; XIAO, S. Chemical composition of rainwater at Lijiang on the Southeast Tibetan Plateau: influences from various air mass sources. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, v. 71, n. 2, p. 157-174, 2014. ) |
NH4+
|
Neutralization of rainwater |
Anthropogenic sources (agricultural activities and biomass burning) |
Cerqueira et al. (2014CERQUEIRA, M. R. F.; PINTO, M. F.; DEROSSI, I. N.; ESTEVES, W. T.; SANTOS, M. D. R.; MATOS, M. A. C.; LOWINSOHN, D.; MATOS, R. C. Chemical characteristics of Rainwater at a southeastern site of Brazil. Atmospheric Pollution Research, v. 5, p. 253-261, 2014.);Zhang et al. (2014ZHANG, N.; CAO, J.; HE, Y.; XIAO, S. Chemical composition of rainwater at Lijiang on the Southeast Tibetan Plateau: influences from various air mass sources. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, v. 71, n. 2, p. 157-174, 2014. ) |
PO4
3-
|
Eutrophication |
Anthropogenic sources (agricultural activities - phosphate fertilizers) |
Conceição et al. (2011CONCEIÇÃO, F. T.; SARDINHA, D. S.; NAVARRO, G. R. B.; ANTUNES, M. L. P.; ANGELUCCI, V. A. Composição química das águas pluviais e deposição atmosférica anual na bacia do alto Sorocaba (SP). Química Nova, v. 34. n.4 p. 610-616, 2011.) |
SO4
2-
|
Acidification of rainwater |
Anthropogenic sources (agricultural activities and biomass decomposition, burning of fossil fuels) |
Fia et al. (2013FIA, R.; FRIZZARIM, S. S.; FIA, F. R. L. Análise Qualitativa de Poluentes na Água das Chuvas em Lavras - MG. Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos, v. 18, n.2, p.269-278, 2013.); Cerqueira et al. (2014CERQUEIRA, M. R. F.; PINTO, M. F.; DEROSSI, I. N.; ESTEVES, W. T.; SANTOS, M. D. R.; MATOS, M. A. C.; LOWINSOHN, D.; MATOS, R. C. Chemical characteristics of Rainwater at a southeastern site of Brazil. Atmospheric Pollution Research, v. 5, p. 253-261, 2014.) |
NO3-
|
Acidification of rainwater |
Anthropogenic sources (vehicles, industrial activities) |
Fia et al. (2013FIA, R.; FRIZZARIM, S. S.; FIA, F. R. L. Análise Qualitativa de Poluentes na Água das Chuvas em Lavras - MG. Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos, v. 18, n.2, p.269-278, 2013.); Cerqueira et al. (2014CERQUEIRA, M. R. F.; PINTO, M. F.; DEROSSI, I. N.; ESTEVES, W. T.; SANTOS, M. D. R.; MATOS, M. A. C.; LOWINSOHN, D.; MATOS, R. C. Chemical characteristics of Rainwater at a southeastern site of Brazil. Atmospheric Pollution Research, v. 5, p. 253-261, 2014.) |
CI-
|
Titulometric method (Method 4500 Cl- B) |
Salinization and acidification of rainwater |
Anthropogenic sources (forest burning and biomass burning) |
APHA/AWWA/WEF (2014); Honório et al. (2010); Pelicho et al. (2006) |
Total hard. |
Titulometric method (Method 2340 C) |
(See Ca and Mg hardness) |
(Ca + Mg hardness) |
APHA/AWWA/WEF (2014); Cerqueira et al. (2014CERQUEIRA, M. R. F.; PINTO, M. F.; DEROSSI, I. N.; ESTEVES, W. T.; SANTOS, M. D. R.; MATOS, M. A. C.; LOWINSOHN, D.; MATOS, R. C. Chemical characteristics of Rainwater at a southeastern site of Brazil. Atmospheric Pollution Research, v. 5, p. 253-261, 2014.) |
Ca hard. |
Alkalization of rainwater |
Natural sources (soil contribution) and Anthropogenic sources (particulate material from minering or cement production) |
Mg hard. |
Alkalization of rainwater |
Natural sources (soil contribution) |
APHA/AWWA/WEF (2014) |
DS |
Method of drying determination at 180ºC (Method 2540 C). |
Salinization of rainwater |
Anthropogenic sources (vehicles, industrial activities) |
APHA/AWWA/WEF (2014) |
Turbidity |
Nephelometric method (Method 2130 B) |
Suspended solids serve as shelter for microorganisms |
Anthropogenic sources (vehicles, industrial activities) |
APHA/AWWA/WEF (2014) |
Conductivity |
Conductivimetric method (Method 2510 B) |
Salinization of rainwater |
Anthropogenic sources (vehicles, industrial activities) |
APHA/AWWA/WEF (2014) |