EFFECT OF EXTRACTIVES AND CARBONIZATION TEMPERATURE ON ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF WOOD WASTE IN AMAZON RAINFOREST

Moulin, Jordão Cabral; Nobre, João Rodrigo Coimbra; Castro, Jonnys Paz; Trugilho, Paulo Fernando; Arantes, Marina Donária Chaves

doi:10.1590/01047760201723022216

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Articles • CERNE 23 (2) • Apr-Jun 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/01047760201723022216 copy

EFFECT OF EXTRACTIVES AND CARBONIZATION TEMPERATURE ON ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF WOOD WASTE IN AMAZON RAINFOREST

EFEITO DOS EXTRATIVOS E TEMPERATURA DE CARBONIZAÇÃO NAS CARACTERÍSTICAS ENERGÉTICAS DE RESÍDUOS MADEIREIROS DA AMAZÔNIA

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of extractives soluble in hot water, besides final carbonization temperatures, on the gravimetric yield and properties of charcoal for waste of three native forest species from the Amazon region. Waste cuttings of Ipé, Grapia and Maçaranduba species, from the machine processing for joinery of a company in the State of Pará, were used. Carbonization was carried out in an adapted electric furnace with a heating rate of 1.67°C min^-1 and final temperatures of 500, 600 and 700°C. The waste was carbonized fresh after extraction in hot water to remove extractives. Gravimetric yields were analyzed, as well as chemical features and high heating value. In the evaluation of the experiment, arranged in a factorial scheme with three factors (species x temperature x material with and without extraction), and Principal Component Analysis used too. The presence of extractives (soluble in hot water) from wood waste had little influence on the gravimetric yield and immediate chemical composition of charcoal; however, it showed a greater high heating value and lower contents of hydrogen and nitrogen. The increase in the final carbonization temperature reduced the gravimetric yield in charcoal, the content of volatile materials and hydrogen, with a higher content of fixed carbon, carbon and high heating value. The treatments with the best energy characteristics were obtained from Ipé and Maçaranduba charcoals with extractives produced at 600°C, in addition to Ipê and Maçaranduba charcoals with and without extractives obtained at 700°C.

Keywords:
Biomass; PCA; Thermal decomposition; Energy

UFLA - Universidade Federal de Lavras Universidade Federal de Lavras - Departamento de Ciências Florestais - Cx. P. 3037, 37200-000 Lavras - MG Brasil, Tel.: (55 35) 3829-1706, Fax: (55 35) 3829-1411 - Lavras - MG - Brazil
E-mail: cerne@dcf.ufla.br

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Variation factor	Degrees of freedom	Mean square
Variation factor	Degrees of freedom	Charcoal yield	Volatile materials	Fixed carbon	Ash
Species (Sp)	2	8.86*	2.13*	211.20*	185.66*
Temperature (Temp)	2	223.37*	988.36*	957.74*	0.29 ns
Extraction (Ext)	1	18.46*	0.56 ns	7.59*	4.03*
Sp x Temp	4	2.22*	3.52*	5.10*	0.21 ns
Sp x Ext	2	10.72*	3.37*	3.25*	0.04 ns
Temp x Ext	2	2.00 ns	1.97*	1.94*	0.16 ns
Sp x Temp x Ext	4	0.14 ns	1.44*	2.48*	0.18 ns
Error	126	0.66	0.15	0.23	0.09
CV (%)		2.87	2.82	0.58	10.84

Interaction extraction x species
Extraction	Grapia	Ipé	Maçaranduba
With extractive	29.46 Aa	28.57 Ba	27.96 Ca
Without extractive	27.66 Bb	28.52 Aa	27.65 Ba
Interaction temperature x species
Temperature (ºC)	Grapia	Ipé	Maçaranduba
500	30.46 AB	31.16 A	30.11 B
600	28.31 A	28.35 A	27.48 B
700	26.90 A	26.12 B	25.83 B

T (°C)	Extraction	Content of volatile materials (%)			Content of fixed carbon (%)
T (°C)	Extraction	G	I	M	G	I	M
500	With extractive	20.13 Bb	21.11 ABa	21.66 Aa	74.11 Ba	77.25 Ab	76.81 Aa
500	Without extractive	21.18 ABa	20.16 Ba	21.59 Aa	73.01 Ba	78.50 Aa	77.76 Aa
600	With extractive	11.39 Aa	11.79 Aa	11.55 Aa	82.31 Ba	86.31 Aa	87.21 Aa
600	Without extractive	12.14 Aa	11.64 Aa	12.33 Aa	81.90 Ba	87.04 Aa	87.17 Aa
700	With extractive	10.57 Aa	8.69 Ba	8.06 Bb	82.78 Bb	89.51 Ab	90.64 Aa
700	Without extractive	8.71 Ab	7.35 Bb	8.25 Aa	85.24 Ba	91.33 Aa	90.82 Aa

Species	Equations adjusted to wood with extractives
Species	Content of volatile materials	R²	Content of fixed carbon	R²
Grapia	Ŷi = 42.6775 - 0.047743Xi	0.81*	Ŷii = 53.7225 + 0.043359Xi	0.79*
Ipé	Ŷi = 51.1245 - 0.062099Xi	0.92*	Ŷii = 47.5775 + 0.061312Xi	0.92*
Maçaranduba	Ŷi = 54.5572 - 0.067997Xi	0.93*	Ŷii = 43.4022 + 0.069146Xi	0.92*
	Equations adjusted to wood without extractives in hot water
	Content of volatile materials	R²	Content of fixed carbon	R²
Grapia	Ŷi = 51.4169 - 0.062337Xi	0.93*	Ŷii=43.3853 + 0.061118Xi	0.93*
Ipé	Ŷi = 51.4916 - 0.064064Xi	0.96*	Ŷii = 47.1686 + 0.064172Xi	0.96*
Maçaranduba	Ŷi = 54.0643 - 0.066674Xi	0.95*	Ŷii = 46.0390 + 0.065290Xi	0.94*

Treatment	Ash content %			Mean
Treatment	Grapia	Ipé	Maçaranduba	Mean
With extractive	6.28	1.77	1.35	3.13 a
Without extractive	5.93	1.27	0.73	2.64 b
Mean	6.11 A	1.52 B	1.04 C	2.89

Elemental Carbon (%)
Extraction	Temperature (ºC)	Grapia*	Ipé	Maçaranduba*
With extractive	500	74.27 B	80.55 A	79.80 A
	600	79.11 B	85.22 A	84.92 A
	700	79.03 B	85.46 A	83.26 A
Without extractive	500	75.77 B	81.62 A	78.38 A
	600	80.92 B	85.11 A	83.92 A
	700	81.02 B	87.96 A	88.61 A

Species	Equations adjusted to the content of carbon
Species	With extractive	R²	Without extractive	R²
Grapia	Ŷi = 63.1650 + 0.023838 Xi	0.73*	Ŷi = 63.4683 + 0.026275 Xi	0.64*
Ipé	Ŷi = 69.0050 + 0.024563 Xi	0.78*	Ŷi = 65.8725 + 0.031700 Xi	0.78*
Maçaranduba	Ŷi = 72.2616 + 0.017325 Xi	0.43	Ŷi = 52.9391 + 0.051163 Xi	0.95*

Hydrogen (%)
Interaction extraction x temperature (°C)
Extraction	500	600	700
With extractive	2.62 b	2.20 b	1.86 a
Without extractive	3.04 a	2.52 a	1.69 a
Equations adjusted to temperatures
With extractive	R²	Without extractive	R²
Ŷi = 4.4955 - 0.003781Xi	0.35*	Ŷi=6.4768 - 0.006766Xi	0.91*

Nitrogen (%)
Interaction extraction x species
Extraction	Grapia	Ipé	Maçaranduba
With extractive	0.50 Cb	0.80 Ab	0.65 Bb
Without extractive	1.48 Ba	1.68 Aa	1.46 Ba

Heating value (kcal.kg^-1)
Interaction temperature x species
Temperature (ºC)	Grapia	Ipé	Maçaranduba
500	7,291B	7,674A	7,612 A
600	7,594 B	8,074 A	8,132 A
700	7,525 B	7,974 A	8,062 A
Interaction extraction x temperature
Extraction	500ºC	600ºC	700ºC
With extractive	7,612 a	8,044 a	7,920 a
Without extractive	7,439 b	7,823 b	7,787 b

Species	Adjusted equations	R²
Grapia	Ŷi = 6765.7500 + 1.173750 Xi	0.54*
Ipé	Ŷi = 7006.7916 + 1.500625 Xi	0.51*
Maçaranduba	Ŷi = 6585.3750 + 2.250625 Xi	0.63*
Extraction
With extractive	Ŷi = 6934.5555 + 1.540833 Xi	0.47*
Without extractive	Ŷi = 6637.3888 + 1.742500 Xi	0.67*

Variation factor	DF.	Mean square
Variation factor	DF.	Carbon	Hydrogen	Nitrogen	High heating power
Species (Sp)	2	239.924*	0.106 ns	0.422*	1,635,419.05*
Temperature (Temp)	2	232.353*	6.704*	0.042ns	1122291.68*
Extraction (Ext)	1	30.355*	0.650*	14.204*	558624.50*
Sp x Temp	4	2.749 ns	0.134 ns	0.008 ns	32386.68*
Sp x Ext	2	1.025 ns	0.161 ns	0.043*	532.16 ns
Temp x Ext	2	17.639*	0.615*	0.009 ns	11756.29*
Sp x Temp x Ext	4	7.304*	0.108 ns	0.012 ns	1659.21 ns
Error	54	2.169	0.101	0.006	2785.88
CV (%)		1.80	13.69	7.51	0.68