GENETIC DIVERSITY AND MATING SYSTEM OF <i>Rhizophora mangle</i> L. (RHIZOPHORACEAE) IN NORTHERN BRAZIL REVEALED BY MICROSATELLITE ANALYSIS

Francisco, Patrícia M.; Tambarussi, Evandro V.; Alves, Fábio de M.; Bajay, Stephanie; Ciampi-Guillardi, Maisa; Souza, Anete P.

doi:10.1590/01047760201824042575

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Articles • CERNE 24 (4) • Oct-Dec 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/01047760201824042575 copy

GENETIC DIVERSITY AND MATING SYSTEM OF Rhizophora mangle L. (RHIZOPHORACEAE) IN NORTHERN BRAZIL REVEALED BY MICROSATELLITE ANALYSIS

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Rhizophora mangle L. (Rhizophoraceae) grows on aerial roots, which emerge above the water level, giving stands of this tree the characteristic “mangrove” appearance. To produce in situ and ex situ information for genetic conservation programs for this species, we investigated the genetic diversity and mating system of one R. mangle population. We sampled 30 adult trees and a total of 349 seeds in Northern Brazil. We genotyped all adult trees and seeds with four microsatellite loci. The average fixation index was -0.222 for adult trees and 0.030 for seeds. The multilocus outcrossing rate (t _m =0.921) was significantly lower than unity (1.0). There was no substantial evidence of null alleles nor genotypic disequilibrium among the loci. The combined power to exclude the first parent probability was 0.921. The average coancestry coefficient (=0.180) was similar to that expected for half-sib progenies (=0.125). Thus, the number of adult trees necessary for seed collection to obtain progeny arrays with an effective size of 150 was estimated to be 62. In conclusion, this study produced important information for the management and conservation of R. mangle and will contribute to conservation and management programs for this species.

Keywords:
Brazilian Atlantic Forest; Conservation genetics; Microsatellite markers; Population genetics; Tropical tree species

UFLA - Universidade Federal de Lavras Universidade Federal de Lavras - Departamento de Ciências Florestais - Cx. P. 3037, 37200-000 Lavras - MG Brasil, Tel.: (55 35) 3829-1706, Fax: (55 35) 3829-1411 - Lavras - MG - Brazil
E-mail: cerne@dcf.ufla.br

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Locus/Sampled generation
Adults	k	H ₀	H _E	F (95% CI)
RM7576	2	0.53	0.44*	-0.200* (-0.500 to 0.139)
RM4546	3	0.52	0.49*	-0.052* (-0.401 to 0.301)
RM7374	3	0.67	0.46	-0.465 (-0.668 to -0.306)
RM2728	2	0.10	0.10*	-0.053* (-0.132 to -0.016)
Total	10	-	-	-
Mean	2.5	0.454	0.372*	-0.222 (-0.047 - -0.418)
SD	0.58	0.2133	0.158	-
Seeds		H ₀	H _E	F (95% CI)
RM7576	3	0.51	0.42	-0.231 (-0.298 to -0.159)
RM4546k	4	0.27	0.50*	0.453* (0.360 to 0.544)
RM7374	3	0.55	0.45	-0.236 (-0.330 to -0.140)
RM2728	2	0.05	0.06	0.261 (-0.026 to 0.511)
Total	12	-	-	-
Mean	3	0.346	0.358	0.030 (-0.026 to 0.084)
SD	0.81	0.201	0.174	-

Authors	Number of SSRs	Range of number of alleles/locus	Range of observed heterozygosity (Ho)
Rosero-Galindo et al. (2002)ROSERO-GALINDO, C.; GAITAN-SOLIS, E.; CÁRDENAS-HENAO, H.; TOHME, J.; TORO-PEREA, N. Polymorphic microsatellites in a mangrove species, Rhizophora mangle L. (Rhizophoraceae). Molecular Ecology Notes, v.2, n.3, p. 281-283, 2002.	10	2 - 7	0.20 - 0.80
Arbeláez-Cortes et al. (2007)ARBELÁEZ-CORTES, E.; CASTILLO-CÁRDENAS, M.F.; TORO-PEREA, N.; CÁRDENAS-HENAO, H. Genetic structure of the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) on the Colombian Pacific detected by microsatellite molecular markers. Hydrobiologia, v.583, n.1, p.321-330, 2007.	3	3 - 6	0.34 - 0.60
Pil et al. (2011)*	8	NS	0.01 - 0.26
Ribeiro et al. (2013RIBEIRO, D.O.; VINSON, C.C.; NASCIMENTO, D.S.S.; MEHLIG, U.; MENEZES, M.P.; SAMPAIO, I.; SILVA M.B. Isolation of microsatellite markers for the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae). Applications in Plant Sciences, v.1, n.9, p.25202582, 2013.)	7
São Paulo population		3 - 10	0.04 - 0.64
Bragança population		3 - 11	0.17 - 0.75
Florida population		1 - 10	0 - 0.52
Kennedy et al. (2016)*	7	NS	0.20 - 0.48
Basyuni et al. (2017BASYUNI, M.; BABA, S.; OKU, H.Microsatellite analysis on genetic variation in two populations of red mangrove Rhizophora mangle L. (Rhizophoraceae) and its implication to conservation. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, v.180, n.1,2017.)	5	2 - 5	0.189 - 0.405
Francisco et al. (2018FRANCISCO, P.M.; MORI, G.M.; ALVES, F.M.; TAMBARUSSI, E.V.; SOUZA, A.P. Population genetic structure, introgression, and hybridization in the genus Rhizophora along the Brazilian coast. Ecology and Evolution v.8, n.6, p.3491-3504, 2018)*	15	NS	0 - 0.65
Present study	4	2 - 4	0 - 0.67

Family	Markers
Family	RM7576	RM4546	RM7374	RM2728
F1	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001
F2	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.001
F3	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
F4	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001
F5	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001
F6	0.000	0.201	0.000	0.001
F7	0.000	0.167	0.000	0.001
F8	0.000	0.265	0.000	0.001
F9	0.000	0.200	0.000	0.000
F10	0.000	0.001	0.000	0.000
F11	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
F12	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001
F13	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001
F14	0.000	0.008	0.000	0.001
F15	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001
F16	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001
F17	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001
F18	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001
F19	0.000	0.001	0.000	0.001
F20	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001
F21	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001
F22	0.000	0.001	0.024	0.001
F23	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.024
F24	0.000	0.188	0.000	0.001
F25	0.000	0.001	0.000	0.001
F26	0.000	0.167	0.000	0.001
F27	0.000	0.001	0.000	0.001
F28	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.001
F29	0.000	0.00	0.000	0.001
F30	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001

Parameter	Estimates (95% CI)
Number of adult trees (number of progenies)	30 (349)
Multilocus outcrossing rate:	0.921 (0.911 to 0.930)
Single-locus outcrossing rate:	0.846 (0.805 to 0.886)
Mating among relatives:	0.075 (0.046 to 0.106)
Selfing correlation:	0.166 (0.166 to 0.266)
Multilocus paternity correlation:	0.624 (0.493 to 0.655)
Effective number of pollen donors:	1.6 (1.5 to 2.0)
Number of adult trees: m	62 (40 to 107)

Progeny	n	t _m	t _s	t _m -t _s	r _s	r _p(m)	N _ep		N _e(w)
F1	12	0.986±0.011	0.945±0.015	0.041±0.005	0.100±0.005	0.139±0.016	7.2	0.153	2.8
F2	12	0.922±0.020	0.902±0.006	0.020±0.014	0.115±0.008	0.179±0.048	5.6	0.131	3.1
F3	10	0.981±0.014	0.952±0.016	0.029±0.005	0.182±0.032	0.285±0.045	3.5	0.112	3.4
F4	12	0.849±0.031	0.870±0.018	-0.021±0.016	0.105±0.004	0.120±0.017	8.3	0.211	2.1
F5	11	0.928±0.019	0.913±0.009	0.015±0.010	0.108±0.006	0.111±0.016	9.0	0.117	3.4
F6	12	0.982±0.014	0.943±0.016	0.039±0.005	0.106±0.005	0.115±0.015	8.7	0.157	2.7
F7	12	0.981±0.013	0.940±0.014	0.041±0.004	0.111±0.006	0.104±0.016	9.6	0.105	3.7
F8	11	0.934±0.016	0.910±0.007	0.024±0.010	0.106±0.004	0.124±0.015	8.0	0.127	3.1
F9	12	0.964±0.016	0.931±0.012	0.033±0.005	0.120±0.007	0.154±0.015	6.5	0.110	3.6
F10	12	0.975±0.015	0.899±0.010	0.076±0.016	0.160±0.027	0.345±0.084	2.9	0.141	3.0
F11	12	0.970±0.016	0.929±0.012	0.041±0.006	0.109±0.005	0.142±0.026	7.0	0.280	1.7
F12	11	0.942±0.018	0.915±0.009	0.027±0.010	0.125±0.016	0.237±0.085	4.2	0.152	2.8
F13	12	0.924±0.023	0.907±0.009	0.017±0.014	0.127±0.015	0.236±0.084	4.2	0.133	3.0
F14	12	0.906±0.029	0.900±0.007	0.006±0.022	0.128±0.015	0.243±0.082	4.1	0.150	2.8
F15	12	0.967±0.016	0.933±0.013	0.034±0.004	0.104±0.004	0.098±0.011	10.2	0.133	3.1
F16	12	0.662±0.032	0.734±0.074	-0.072±0.046	0.107±0.002	0.101±0.006	9.9	0.168	2.6
F17	12	0.831±0.046	0.890±0.009	-0.059±0.009	0.095±0.003	0.078±0.010	12.8	0.236	2.0
F18	12	0.860±0.029	0.837±0.038	0.023±0.025	0.094±0.004	0.079±0.011	12.6	0.109	3.6
F19	11	0.815±0.069	0.872±0.018	-0.057±0.019	0.137±0.014	0.304±0.019	3.3	0.149	2.8
F20	12	0.930±0.012	0.904±0.007	0.026±0.008	0.121±0.012	0.207±0.067	4.8	0.282	1.6
F21	12	0.916±0.019	0.905±0.006	0.011±0.014	0.114±0.007	0.164±0.040	6.1	0.202	2.2
F22	12	0.991±0.009	0.760±0.048	0.231±0.055	0.481±0.142	0.885±0.102	1.1	0.155	2.8
F23	12	0.488±0.163	0.758±0.069	-0.270±0.003	0.113±0.005	0.120±0.003	8.3	0.132	3.1
F24	12	0.724±0.128	0.870±0.025	-0.146±0.105	0.151±0.028	0.286±0.083	3.5	0.353	1.4
F25	11	0.934±0.016	0.881±0.013	0.053±0.019	0.124±0.012	0.229±0.062	4.4	0.191	2.3
F26	11	0.900±0.017	0.893±0.007	0.004±0.012	0.094±0.003	0.080±0.009	12.5	0.210	2.1
F27	12	0.605±0.130	0.805±0.058	-0.197±0.076	0.130±0.012	0.199±0.034	5.0	0.216	2.1
F28	12	0.669±0.095	0.840±0.035	-0.174±0.062	0.108±0.002	0.116±0.005	8.6	0.274	1.7
F29	11	0.993±0.007	0.950±0.016	0.043±0.010	0.267±0.088	0.712±0.186	1.4	0.218	2.0
F30	10	0.808±0.061	0.885±0.010	-0.077±0.051	0.101±0.001	0.101±0.003	9.9	0.317	1.5