Substrate |
• Plants grown in natural soil demonstrate better adaptation to the environment due to the reduction in diffusive resistance, promoting gas exchange during periods of greater evaporative demand. • To achieve maximum fertility, the recommended substrate composition is 46% vegetable soil, 39% coconut fiber, no manure, and 15% sand, with the addition of 11 g L-1 of triple superphosphate. • For optimal growth and nutritional quality of mangabeira seedlings, the suggested substrate is 14% cattle manure, 56% vegetable soil, 15% coconut fiber, 15% sand, and 4 g dm-3 of triple superphosphate. • The best results for developing healthy, high-quality seedlings with good field survival were obtained with substrates D (bovine manure + Plantmax® + soil, in a ratio of 1:1:3) and E (bovine manure + soil, in a 2:3 ratio). |
(Nogueira et al., 2003NOGUEIRA, R. J. M. C.; ALBUQUERQUE, M. B. de; SILVA JUNIOR, J. F. Efeito do substrato na emergência, crescimento e comportamento estomático em plântulas de mangabeira. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, v. 25, n. 1, p. 15-18, 2003. ; Dias et al., 2007DIAS, T. J.; PEREIRA, W. E.; SOUSA, G. G. de. Fertilidade de substratos para mudas de mangabeira, contendo fibra de coco e adubados com fósforo. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, v. 29, n. 5, p. 649-658, 2007. ; Dias et al., 2009DIAS, T. J.; PEREIRA, W. E.; CAVALCANTE, L. F.; et al. Desenvolvimento e qualidade nutricional de mudas de mangabeiras cultivadas em substratos contendo fibra de coco e adubação fosfatada. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, v. 31, n. 2, p. 512-523, 2009. ; Silva et al., 2009SILVA, E. A. da; MARUYAMA, W. I.; OLIVEIRA, A. C. de; et al. Efeito de diferentes substratos na produção de mudas de mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa). Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, v. 31, n. 3, p. 925-929, 2009. ; Silva et al., 2011)SILVA, E. A. da; OLIVEIRA, A. C. de; MENDONÇA, V.; et al. Substratos na produção de mudas de mangabeira em tubetes. Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical, v. 41, n. 2, p. 279-285, 2011. |
Environment |
• Both black and aluminized screens are recommended to produce mangabeira seedlings. In addition, it is indicated to grow in shaded environments from 0% to 18%. |
(Arrua et al., 2016ARRUA, L. L. C. de; COSTA, E.; BARDIVIESSO, E. M.; et al. Protected environments and substrates for mangabeira seedlings (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) production. Engenharia Agricola, v. 36, n. 6, p. 984-995, 2016. ; Lima et al., 2020LIMA, I. M. de O.; SALLES, J. S.; COSTA, E.; et al. Quality and growth of mangaba (Hancornia speciosa) seedlings according to the substrate and shading. Australian Journal of Crop Science, v. 14, n. 3, p. 531-536, 2020. ) |
Mycorrhizal Fungi |
• Mangabeira seedlings exhibit a positive response to the presence of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere. • These fungi promote increased growth and enhanced phosphorus absorption in the aerial part, particularly in natural soil. This effect reduces the time required for transplanting seedlings from the nursery to the field. • Mangabeira is highly dependent on mycorrhizae, although the degree of dependence varies based on phosphorus and fungal inoculum levels. |
(Costa et al., 2003COSTA, C. M. C.; CAVALCANTE, U. M. T.; LIMA JUNIOR, M. de L.; et al. Inoculum density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi needed to promote growth of Hancornia speciosa Gomes seedlings. Fruits, v. 58, n. 5, p. 247-254, 2003. ; Costa et al., 2005COSTA, C. M. C.; CAVALCANTE, U. M. T.; GOTO, B. T.; et al. Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e adubação fosfatada em mudas de mangabeira. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v. 40, n. 3, p. 225-232, 2005. ; Cardoso Filho et al., 2008CARDOSO FILHO, J. A.; LEMOS, E. E. P. de; SANTOS, T. M. C. dos; et al. Mycorrhizal dependency of mangaba tree under increasing phosphorus levels. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v. 43, n. 7, p. 887-892, 2008. ; Abreu et al., 2022ABREU, G. M.; PAIVA, H. N. DE; KASUYA, M. C. M.; et al. Soil of the parent plant and AMF mix improve Cerrado’s seedlings growth in forest nurseries. IForest, v. 15, p. 197-205, 2022. ) |
Nutrient Deficiency |
• The omission of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur in the nutrient solution can negatively impact the characteristics of the seedlings. |
(Bessa et al., 2012BESSA, L. A.; SILVA, F. G.; MOREIRA, M. A.; et al. Characterization of the effects of macronutrient deficiencies in mangabeira seedlings. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, v. 34, n. 4, p. 1235-1244, 2012. , 2013BESSA, L. A.; SILVA, F. G.; MOREIRA, M. A.; TEODORO, J. P. R.; SOARES, F. A. L.. Characterization of nutrient deficiency in Hancornia speciosa Gomes seedlings by omitting micronutrients from the nutrient solution. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, v. 35, n. 2, p. 616-624, 2013. ) |
Water deficit |
During the water stress period, mangabeira seedlings adopt a main strategy of altering their growth pattern, with increased root depth and reduced shoot emission, to maintain tissue hydration and tolerate severe water deficits. |
(Scalon et al., 2015SCALON, S. de P. Q.; KODAMA, F. M.; DRESCH, D. M.; et al. Gas exchange and photosynthetic activity in Hancornia speciosa Gomes seedlings under water deficit conditions and during rehydration. Bioscience Journal, v. 31, n. 4, p. 1124-1132, 2015. ; Silva et al., 2016SILVA, E. C. da; PRADO, T. B.; ALCÂNTARA, R. N. de; et al. Different levels of water deficit induces changes in growth pattern but not in chlorophyll fluorescence and water relations of Hancornia speciosa Gomes seedlings. Scientia Plena, v. 12, n. 2, 2016. ) |
Cuttings |
• For mangabeira, survival values of 100% were observed in all treatments evaluated. In addition, root primordia were observed in the herbaceous cuttings. • Both herbaceous and woody stem cuttings presented total mortality and lack of rooting, independently of the high concentrations of IAB (indol butyric acid) and the origin of the cuttings. |
(Vieira et al., 2020VIEIRA, M. do C.; SOUZA, J. L. da C.; SILVA, G. D. da; ET al. 2.4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and sucrose in rhizogenesis maintenance and induction in cuttings of cagaita and mangabeira from cerrado. Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais, v. 11, n. 2, p. 118-127, 2020.; Soares et al., 2020SOARES, F. S.; LUZ, P. B. da; ROCHA, V. L. P.; et al. Aspectos anatômicos de impedimentos ao enraizamento em estacas caulinares de mangabeira. Acta Iguazu, v. 9, n. 1, p. 82-89, 2020. ) |
Others |
• The average survival rate of mangabeira in intercropping with cassava was 98%. • The average monthly growth rate of mangabeira varied from 0.1 cm to 6.1 cm, resulting in a final average growth rate of 2.19 cm. • Exogenous application of aluminum can directly affect seed embryos, preventing seedling establishment. • Regardless of the subspecies, the mangabeira presents limitations for establishment in the field, and seedling transplantation is recommended at 90 days of age. • The application of gibberellins offers a practical method for nursery production of H. speciosa seedlings for field planting. |
(Caldas et al., 2009CALDAS, L. S.; MACHADO, L. L. DE; CALDAS, S. C.; et al. Growth-active gibberellins overcome the very slow shoot growth of Hancornia speciosa, an important fruit tree from the Brazilian “Cerrado”. Trees - Structure and Function, v. 23, n. 6, p. 1229-1235, 2009. ; (Martinotto et al., 2012MARTINOTTO, F.; MARTINOTTO, C.; COELHO, M. de F. B.; et al. Sobrevivência e crescimento inicial de espécies arbóreas nativas do Cerrado em consórcio com mandioca. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v. 47, n. 1, p. 22-29, 2012. ; Vieira et al. 2013VIEIRA, C. do M.; REGINA, E.; SOUZA, B.; et al. Desenvolvimento de mudas de mangabeira provenientes de frutos de diferentes localidades do Estado de Goiás. Revista de Ciências Agrárias, v. 36, n. 3, p. 363-371, 2013.; Rodrigues et al., 2017RODRIGUES, A. A.; VASCONCELOS-FILHO, S. C.; RODRIGUES, C. L.; et al. Aluminum influence on Hancornia speciosa seedling emergence, nutrient accumulation, growth and root anatomy. Flora, v. 236-237, p. 9-14, 2017. ; Santos et al., 2018SANTOS, M. P. dos; SIQUEIRA, A. P. S.; GARCIA, L. G. C.; et al. Survival and establishment in the field of mangaba seedlings transplanted at different ages. Comunicata Scientiae, v. 9, n. 1, p. 102-107, 2018. ) |