Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Background: Today, the biggest threat to mammalian predators with wide distribution areas is habitats fragmentation or changing climate conditions. We aimed to reveal the habitat suitability modeling and mapping of the Brown bear, which is an important large mammal in Turkey’s borders, under change climate. The habitat suitability modelling was determined using the present (2010) and future (2040-2070-2100) chelsa climate scenarios (IPSL-CM6A-LR SSP126-SSP370-SSP585) Maxent method with the present data obtained by examining all studies on Brown bear. Then, the mapping result values for the different years and scenarios were classified as 0.5 unsuitable habitats, 0.51-0.8 suitable habitats and 0.81-1.0 most suitable habitats. Results: We determined that the variables contributing to the habitat suitability model of Brown bear are annual precipitation amount, the average annual air temperature, the precipitation amount of the wettest month, the ruggedness and elevation. According to the mapping results for different years and scenarios; Brown bear have suitable habitat a minimum of 14.87% of the study area in today, 12.56% in 2040 year, 10.93% in 2070 year and 8.24% in 2100 year. According to the SSP585 climate scenario of 2100 year, the habitat suitability of the Brown bear decreases by approximately 45%. Also, the climate envelope model created with MaxEnt revealed, the change climate in the 2100 year endangered the Brown bear. Conclusion: Therefore, these results will be a source of information for the sustainability of the extinction of the Brown bear, for the pre-protection of existing and potential habitats and for reducing the impact of change climate conditions.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Background: Climate change, which has mainly manifested in Iran in the form of intensifying periods of drought, can have profound effects on the valuable forest ecosystems of Zagros in the west of Iran. In this study, the drought trend in the period from 2000 to 2020 was investigated on the spatio-temporal dynamics of greenness of Zagros oak forests in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province in the west of Iran. SPI, PDSI, NDVI and EVI with modeling their relationship based on GWR was used. Also, based on two climate change scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, the simulation of drought conditions and changes in forest greenness until 2050 were studied. Results: The results showed that the peak greenness of the oak forests has a significant sensitivity to changes in rainfall and drought at the end of the cold period of the year and in the spring season. The negative phases of the drought have been completely consistent with the periods of greenness loss. Also, both the greenness and the area of ​​the oak forests have decreased. The EVI index showed the highest sensitivity to the PDSI, and the developed model based on these two indices had a spatial explanation coefficient between 40 and 70%. Conclusion: The implementation of the developed model under two scenarios showed that the forest greenness will face a decrease of about 25% in the RCP8.5 scenario and about 15% in the RCP2.6 scenario until 2050. The relationship between drought and forest decline was proven in this study.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Background: Bamboo species have a high potential to produce biomass and stock carbon. However, biometric tools are not available to estimate biomass production for most giant bamboo taxa. The aim was to develop an additive equation system to estimate the aboveground biomass by structural component and the total of the three bamboo species. Destructive sampling was applied, and a sample of 101 mature bamboo specimens was collected. The nonlinear power allometric model was used to integrate two additive equations systems, which were formed by the structural components of biomass: culm, branches and leaves as well as aboveground biomass total. The predictor variables were: diameter at breast height (D) for the S1 system, and D in combination with the total height (D2H) for the S2 system. Results: It was determined that the SUR method in combination with the dummy variables technique and the correction of heteroscedasticity is an adequate fit strategy. Given that the additivity property is fulfilled, specific values of the parameters of each system and by taxon are identified. In addition, the variance of the error stabilizes. The aboveground biomass of the culm constitutes 86.40%, 90.48%, and 93.94% for Bambusa oldhamii Munro, Guadua aculeata Rupr., and Guadua angustifolia Kunth, respectively. The S1 system was selected, and its statistics regarding the total aboveground biomass were 0.92, 4.9 kg, -0.35 kg, and 0.05 for the fit statistics R 2 adj , RMSE, S, and E, respectively. Conclusion: This biometric tool will easier to carry out aboveground biomass inventories, as well as to infer the carbon content and CO2 equivalent at the specimen level.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Background: Hancornia speciosa is a species known for its medicinal and nutritional properties. Despite being a plant native to several regions of Brazil, some aspects of its production system are not yet well defined. Large-scale asexual propagation stands out, making it difficult to establish commercial orchards with materials with superior characteristics. In this context, this article aimed to investigate the scientific production related to the propagation and conservation of the mangabeira, using a mixed methodology of bibliometric analysis and literature review. The Scopus and Web of Science databases were consulted and the VOSviewer software was used to map the cooperation network between authors, institutions, and keywords. Results: The study included 72 articles and found a significant increase in scientific production on mangabeira propagation and conservation since 2009. Most studies focused on seed technology, seedling production, in vitro propagation and conservation, and cryopreservation. Additionally, it was observed that mangabeira seeds do not tolerate a reduction in moisture content, and the combination of materials for the composition of the substrate, such as coconut fiber, manure, and sand, can provide an adequate basis for developing seedlings. It was also observed that MS culture medium, complete or with half saline concentration, or WPM medium can be used for in vitro germination and initial seedling growth. Conclusion: Through this review, we concluded that the mangabeira presents substantial potential for the development of innovative propagation techniques, with a special focus on methods that facilitate the clonal propagation of the species, such as grafting, rooting cuttings, and micropropagation. It is expected that future research will expand knowledge about the in vitro and ex vitro propagation of this species, contributing to the expansion of commercial plantations with a focus on adding to the processing of its fruits.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Background: The objective of this study is to characterize the diversity and genetic structure of A. colubrina in three Atlantic Forest fragments in the south of Espírito Santo state, using Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) molecular markers. Genomic DNA from 85 trees was analyzed using 12 ISSR primers, generating 147 fragments, of which 109 were polymorphic (74%). Markers were characterized as moderately informative, with a mean polymorphic informational content of 0.34. Results: Low genetic diversity was found for the three fragments and in the total sample, based on Nei’s diversity parameters (H* = 0.26) and Shannon’s index (I* = 0.38). In the dissimilarity analysis, four groups were observed in the dendrogram with an exclusive clustering trend by location. The analysis of molecular variance confirmed that most of the genetic variation is found within populations (73.50%), however, with high genetic differentiation between them (Φ ST = 0.26). This result was supported by the Bayesian approach that indicated genetically structured populations. Conclusion: The data obtained reveal that forest fragmentation affected the diversity and genetic structure of A. colubrina and allow expanding knowledge for the development of effective strategies for the conservation and management of the species.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality indicators for wood and charcoal from the Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis hybrid (Clone GG 100) in different planting spacings. The study was conducted with the hybrid using the spacings of 2×1, 2×2, 3×2, and 3×3 m. The chemical properties of wood and charcoal were analyzed, and dry wood mass and energy per hectare were estimated. The data were subjected to the t test for comparison of means. Moreover, principal component analysis was conducted to assess the relationships between wood and charcoal indicators as a function of spacing. Results: The 2×2 m spacing showed the highest values for dry wood mass, lignin mass, mass of charcoal, and energy. The wider spacings of 3×2 and 3×3 m resulted in wood and charcoal of increased quality by showing wood of greater resistance to thermal degradation and charcoal of higher yield. Conclusion: Spacing between trees influenced wood quality indicators. The 2×2 m spacing showed higher estimates of mass and energy per hectare. However, wide spacings with an area greater than 6 m2 are more suitable for charcoal production due to their superior wood properties, especially basic density and total lignin, which influence gravimetric yields and bulk density.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Backgrounds: Urban and peri-urban fragments are vital for biodiversity conservation, requiring genetic assessment of tree species in fragmented forests. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability and diversity for adult individuals of J. micrantha along an urban-rural gradient in the Araucaria Forest. Fifteen individuals were sampled, with five from each remaining forest type. Initially, 10 ISRR primers were tested. Five mother trees were chosen from each site (urban, peri-urban, and rural) with a minimum distance of 100 m. The experimental design was a RCBD with 15 progenies, three provenances, three blocks, and 20 plants per plot, totaling 900 seedlings. Results: The average percentage of polymorphic loci was 93.33%. The urban population showed a greater loss of genetic diversity (H=0.1806). 79% of the genetic diversity was found within populations. The observed gene flow value (Nm) was 1.8790, indicating that there were no random losses of alleles within populations. The fragments did not exhibit significant differences, but there were significant differences among the progenies. The stem diameter (SD) and the height-diameter relationship (H/SD) emerged as the key traits for selecting new individuals due to their higher heritability (< 0.50), accuracy (< 0.70), and relative coefficient of variation (< 7%). Conclusion: The urban fragment is the most affected, but gene flow between fragments prevents the random loss of alleles. The analysis suggests that these fragments form a unique population, despite geographic barriers. Thus, the three fragments can be considered when choosing superior individuals for future progeny tests in genetic improvement programs for the species.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Background: The restricted dispersibility of cellulose in water has grown to be a significant problem which is a key step in making cellulose soluble in water and common solvent. To overcome the obstacle, cellulose structure is being modified to improve the surface properties and the utilization of the cellulose itself. In this study, cellulose I and cellulose II were examined after treated with water-soluble 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO). The hydrogen bond between chains and the crystallinity of the cotton linter (cellulose I) was first broken by NaOH/urea. Then, cellulose I and NaOH/urea-treated cellulose (cellulose II) were oxidized with sodium chlorite, sodium bromide, and TEMPO in a catalytic amount. Results: The success of oxidation is achieved when both cellulose I and II treated with TEMPO had preferentially converted the hydroxyl groups to carboxylate groups through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR). Besides, through X-ray diffraction analysis, cellulose I and II exhibited a decreased in the crystallinity. The scattered structure revealed through morphology analysis proved that cellulose treated with TEMPO had resulted in a more dispersed and separated cellulose fibre structure. Conclusion: The result showed, cellulose has been successfully modified using TEMPO-mediated oxidation with improved dispersion properties. The scattered structure revealed through morphology analysis proved that cellulose treated with TEMPO had resulted in a more dispersed and separated cellulose fibre structure. High cellulose dispersion ability will allow the manufacturing process of hydrogel, film and fibre to be much easier and faster. This is necessary for creating novel, environmentally friendly materials for various applications across numerous industries and future research anticipated to increase.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Background: The macauba (Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.) is a palm tree native to tropical regions and occurs in much of the Brazilian territory. Current studies are focused on the extraction and exploitation of vegetable oil from this fruit. However, there are few studies on the residue, the endocarp, which represents approximately 25% of the total mass of the fruit. Studies that search for solutions for using residue, thus adding value, and generating environmentally friendly products, are of fundamental importance. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of reconstituted wood panels produced with different proportions of macauba endocarp particles to replace pine wood particles, in addition to characterize the physical and chemical properties of macauba endocarp. The chemical characterization tests were performed according to applicable standards. The basic density was determined according to the NBR 11941 standard. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were also performed. The particleboards panels were produced with a nominal density of 0.70g/cm³ and dimensions of 25x25x1.5cm. Five different treatments were evaluated with variations in the proportion of macauba endocarp particles in the core of the panel. For particle agglutination, phenol-formaldehyde adhesive was used at a proportion of 9% for the core and 12% for the faces, based on the dry mass of each panel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the panel surfaces. Results: The endocarp of Acrocomia aculeata has low extractive content, high lignin content and high densification, 1.23g/cm³, when compared to Pinus oocarpa wood, 0.43g/cm³. All panels were classified as low density according to CS 236-66 and had an average apparent density between treatments of 0.586g/cm³. A greater dimensional stability and a decrease in the static bending properties of the panels was observed as the proportion of macauba endocarp particles increased. The internal bonding of the panels showed a positive result with the increase in the use of particles of the residue. Conclusion: The panels produced have potential for use for non-structural purposes.