Diagnosis and strategies for water spring conservation or restoration in environments under anthropic pressure

Silva, Michele Aparecida Pereira da; Evangelista, Laís Pinheiro; Silva, Wallison Henrique Oliveira; Santo, Fábio da Silva do Espiríto

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Articles • Ci. Fl. 34 (3) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509871553 copy

Diagnosis and strategies for water spring conservation or restoration in environments under anthropic pressure

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The conservation and restoration of native vegetation around springs is extremely important to guarantee and maintain the quality and quantity of water resources, having a protective nature in the legal premises of the new Brazilian Forest Code. In this context, the objective of this study was to diagnose and propose actions for the conservation or recovery of native vegetation in the Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs) of ten springs located in environments with intense anthropic action (urbanization and mining) in the Córrego de Fechos microbasin in Nova Lima - MG. Based on on-site analyses, an environmental diagnosis of the springs and their surroundings was carried out, based on several parameters, such as: forms of land use, conservation status of tree vegetation, natural regeneration, litter, occurrence of invasive species and soil conservation status. The definition of the best forest restoration alternatives was carried out by applying the analytical key by Brancalion et al. (2015). Among the springs evaluated, 07 were classified as little disturbed, 02 as very disturbed and only 01 as degraded, with no spring being diagnosed as preserved. As restoration strategies, favoring the natural regeneration of native species and densification for those springs classified as little or very disturbed are recommended, with enrichment indicated as an additional strategy for those that are very disturbed. As for the spring that is degraded, the introduction of native species in the total area is recommended, with the need to use high species richness.

Keywords
Permanent Preservation Areas; Environmental degradation; Forest restoration

Identification of springs	Location	Coordinates		Type of water spring
Identification of springs	Location	South	West	Type of water spring
N01	Jardim Canadá/ Nova Lima - MG	20.051286666666666 S	43.99748333333335 W	Diffuse
N02	Jardim Canadá/ Nova Lima - MG	20.050766666666668 S	43.99745500000001W	Diffuse
N03	Road to Mineração Morro do Chapéu/Nova Lima - MG	20.11282333333333 S	43.91556833333334 W	Punctual
N04	Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek Highway/Nova Lima - MG	20.112381666666668 S	43.914984999999994W	Diffuse
N05	Road to Mineração Morro do Chapéu/Nova Lima - MG	20.112540000000003 S	43.91501 W	Diffuse
N06	Road to Mineração Morro do Chapéu/Nova Lima - MG	20.112395 S	43.914135 W	Punctual
N07	Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek Highway/Nova Lima -MG	20.111850 S	43.913551 W	Diffuse
N08	Road to Mineração Morro do Chapéu/Nova Lima - MG	20.11176 S	43.91274333333334 W	Punctual
N09	Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek Highway/Nova Lima - MG	20.11347333333333 S	43.914376666666676 W	Punctual
N10	São Sebastião das Águas Claras/Nova Lima - MG	20.070716 S	43.89528 W	Punctual

Parameters, scores, and weights used/assessed in the field form
Identification	Parameter	Classification	Scores	Descriptions	Weights
A	Land use	Degraded	1	Area occupied by agricultural pasture with more than 10% exposed soil	0.35
		Very disturbed	3	Occupied area, predominantly (> 50%) crops
		Very disturbed	4	Occupied area, predominantly (> 50%) exotic grassland
		Little disturbed	6	50 to 75% native vegetation
		Little disturbed	8	75 to 89% area occupied by native vegetation
		Preserved	10	90% of the occupied area by native vegetation (forest, cerrado, or field)
B	Tree Vegetation Conservation Status	Degraded	1	Characterized only by isolated tree shrubs or those that form a tree vegetation strip	0.15
		Very disturbed	4	Early succession stage: no canopy stratification; young tree, shrub, liana and pioneer individuals, average DBH < 10 cm, no epiphytes
		Little disturbed	7	Medium stage of succession: formation of canopy and understory; canopy with average height between 5 and 12 m; average DBH of 10 to 18 cm; presence of epiphytes
		Preserved	10	Advanced stage of succession: formation of canopy, sub-canopy and understory; canopy height greater than 12 meters; average DBH greater than 18 cm; presence of epiphytes
C	Natural Regeneration	Degraded	1	There is no natural regeneration due to burning, mowing by the owner, trampling by cattle, etc.	0.15
		Very disturbed	5	Disturbed natural regeneration, compromising seed germination and reducing the number of small-sized individuals
		Preserved	10	It has well-developed regeneration with individuals of different species varying between 0.5 and 3.0 m in height
D	Litter	Degraded	1	Lack of litter	0.05
		Little disturbed	5	Partial presence of litter
		Preserved	10	Presence of litter
E	Invasive Plant Occurrence	Degraded	1	High density of invasive plants	0.05
		Little disturbed	5	Low density of invasive plants
		Preserved	10	Lack of invasive plants
F	Soil Conservation Status	Degraded	1	Areas where the soil is highly altered, unstable, lacking vegetation cover, and with the formation of deep furrows (> 0.5 m)	0.20
		Little disturbed	5	Areas where the soil is disturbed, with slight compaction evidence, well-defined furrows/tracks, the presence of gullies, and signs of potential degradation
		Preserved	10	Areas where the soil is reasonably conserved, devoid of furrows, gullies and laminar erosion evidence.
G	Land Relief	Degraded	1	Highly undulating terrain	0.05
		Little disturbed	5	Moderately undulating terrain
		Preserved	10	Flat terrain (floodplain- várzea)

Classification	PNi value range
Preserved	> 9
Little disturbed	7 a 8,9
Very disturbed	5 a 6,9
Degraded	< 5

Diagnosis
D 1. Degradation factors
D1.1 Fires	goes to item A1.1
D1.2 Livestock use	goes to item A1.2
D1.3 Agricultural use	goes to item A1.3
D1.4 Use for commercial forestry	goes to item D3
D1.5 Flood discharge	goes to item A1.4
D1.6 Mining	goes to item A1.5
D1.7 Predatory exploitation of fauna and flora	goes to item A1.6

D 2. Soil conditions
D2.1 Non-degraded soil	goes to item D4
D2.2 Degraded soil	goes to item A2

D 3. Natural regeneration in the understory of commercial tree species stands
D3.1 Low or nil, regardless of the area's relief	goes to item A3.1
D3.2 Moderate, on smooth undulating terrain	goes to item A3.2
D3.3 Moderate, in areas of rugged terrain	goes to item A3.3
D3.4 High, regardless of the area's relief	goes to item A3.3

D.4 Regeneration community of native species and isolation of the landscape area
D4.1 High density of various regeneration species, in isolated areas or not in the landscape	goes to item A4
D4.2 High density of a few regeneration species, in area not isolated in the landscape	goes to item A4.1
D4.3 High density of a few regeneration species in an isolated area in the landscape	goes to item A4.2
D4.4 Moderate density of many regeneration species, in an area not isolated in the landscape	goes to item A4.3
D4.5 Moderate density of a few regeneration species, in an isolated area in the landscape	goes to item A4.4
D4.6 Low or no density of regeneration plants, in an area not isolated in the landscape	goes to item A4.5
D4.7 Low or no density of regeneration plants, in an isolated area in the landscape	goes to item A4.6

D.5 Degradation status of forest fragments
D5.1 Preserved fragments	goes to item A5.1
D5.2 Fragments that could be restored	goes to item A5.2
D5.3 Fragments in need of restoration	goes to item A5.3

RESTORATION ACTIONS
A1. Isolating degradation factors
A1.1 Fire protection measures	goes to item D2, in the case of areas in use or abandoned, or D5, in the case of forest remnants
A1.2 End of livestock use	goes to item D2, in the case of areas in use or abandoned, or D5, in the case of forest remnants
A1.3 End of agricultural use	goes to item D2
A1.4 Adoption of soil conservation practices in surrounding agricultural areas	goes to item D2, in the case of areas in use or abandoned, or D5, in the case of forest remnants
A1.5 End of mining use	goes to item D2
A1.6 Nature protection program	goes to item D5

A2. Soil restoration	goes to item D4

A3. Removal of commercial tree species stands
A3.1 Traditional wood harvesting	goes to item D4
A3.2 Low impact harvesting	goes to item D4
A3.3 Death of standing trees	goes to item D4

A4. Restoration method
A4.1 Promoting the natural regeneration of native species
A4.2 Promoting the natural regeneration of native species and enrichment
A4.3 Promoting the natural regeneration and dense planting of native species
A4.4 Promoting the natural regeneration, dense planting and enrichment of native species
A4.5 Introduction of native species in a total area, without the need to use a high diversity of species
A4.6 Introduction of native species in a total area, with the need to use a high diversity of species

A5. Management of degraded forest fragments
A5.1 Expanding the role of biodiversity conservation
A5.2 Expanding the role of biodiversity conservation and accelerating secondary succession
A5.3 Expanding the role of biodiversity conservation and restoration of degraded fragments

Diagnosis of water spring apps
Identification of the spring	Final score	Classification	Restoration strategy with the application of the analytical key
N01	7.65	LITTLE DISTURBED	A4.3 Promoting the natural regeneration and dense planting of native species
N02	7.47	LITTLE DISTURBED	A4.3 Promoting the natural regeneration and dense planting of native species
N03	8.10	LITTLE DISTURBED	A4.3 Promoting the natural regeneration and dense planting of native species
N04	8.10	LITTLE DISTURBED	A4.3 Promoting the natural regeneration and dense planting of native species
N05	8.10	LITTLE DISTURBED	A4.3 Promoting the natural regeneration and dense planting of native species
N06	8.10	LITTLE DISTURBED	A4.3 Promoting the natural regeneration and dense planting of native species
N07	5.07	VERY DISTURBED	A4.4 Promoting the natural regeneration, dense planting and enrichment of native species
N08	6.10	VERY DISTURBED	A4.4 Promoting the natural regeneration, dense planting and enrichment of native species
N09	4.30	DEGRADED	A4.6 Introduction of native species in the total used area with a high diversity of species
N10	8.20	LITTLE DISTURBED	A4.3 Promoting the natural regeneration and dense planting of native species

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Av. Roraima, 1.000, 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brasil, Tel. : (55 55)3220-8444 r.37, Fax: (55 55)3220-8444 r.22 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciaflorestal@ufsm.br

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[1] Source: Authors (2022)