Evolução como eixo central da biologia: um curso para graduandos e pós-graduandos em ciências biológicas

Araújo, Leonardo Augusto Luvison

doi:10.1590/1516-731320220010

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Ciência & Educação (Bauru)

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ARTIGO ORIGINAL • Ciênc. educ. (Bauru) 28 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-731320220010 copiar

Evolução como eixo central da biologia: um curso para graduandos e pós-graduandos em ciências biológicas

Evolution as the cornerstone of biology: a course for undergraduates and postgraduates in biological sciences

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo:

A importância da evolução como um eixo central da biologia é reconhecida por muitos autores. Este estudo descreve um curso voltado para esse fim, destinado à formação continuada de estudantes de biologia e professores. Pretendemos avaliar e comparar as respostas dos alunos antes e depois do curso através de um questionário de pesquisa desenvolvido e validado para as finalidades desta pesquisa. Os participantes são alunos de graduação e de pós-graduação em biologia de universidades públicas e privadas do sul do Brasil. Como nossos resultados indicam, os alunos de todos os níveis de formação em biologia se beneficiam de uma abordagem de ensino que trata a evolução como um eixo central do ensino de biologia. As comparações pré e pós-curso mostram que o nível de formação em biologia não indica um amplo conhecimento evolutivo e esta pode ser uma das principais vantagens de uma abordagem multidisciplinar no ensino da evolução.

Palavras-chave:
Ensino de biologia; Evolução; Formação continuada de professores; Multidisciplinaridade; Ensino superior

Field of knowledge	Evolution content
Botany	Phylogeography; Diversification and plant species diversity; Examples of evolution from subtropical grasslands in the southern highlands of Brazil.
Ecology	Niche construction; Organism-environment interactions; Morphological evolution and biogeography; Examples of evolution in neotropical rodents.
Evolution education	Misconceptions about phylogenetics; A critical analysis of biology textbooks; Report of teaching experiences and teaching-learning challenges in evolution.
Evolutionary developmental biology	Epigenetics; Hox genes; Gene expression and evolution; Phenotypic plasticity; Developmental drive and constraint.
Genetics	Molecular evolution; Horizontal gene transfer; Examples of evolution in neotropical Drosophila species.
History and Philosophy of Science	Genecentrism and adaptationism: Evolutionary Biology in Brazil: Fritz Müller, voyages of Alfred R. Wallace, Charles Darwin and Theodosius Dobzhansky.
Microbiology	Symbiosis and evolution; Endosymbiont theory; Wolbachia interactions and evolution; Origin and evolution of HIV.
Paleobiology	Macroevolutionary processes and patterns; Punctuated equilibrium theory; Vertebrate evolution from the Late-Triassic Santa Maria Formation, in southern Brazil.
Socio-scientific issues	Gender and race issues in evolutionary biology; Biological evolution and post-truth; Creationism and intelligent design.
Zoology	Examples of morphological evolution from Brazilian zoological research. Cultural and behavioral evolution.

		Pre-course (n = 122)	Post-course (n = 95)
Gender	Female	86 (70.5%)	72 (75.8%)
	Male	36 (29.5%)	23 (24.2%)

Religion	None	99 (81%)	79 (83.2%)
	Catholic	10 (8.2%)	7 (7.4%)
	Spiritualist	5 (4.1%)	4 (4.2%)
	Evangelical	5 (4.1%)	3 (3.2%)
	Others	3 (2.5%)	2 (2%)

Level of biology training	Biological Novices	46 (37.7%)	34 (35.8%)
	Biological Advanced	42 (34.4%)	33 (34.7%)
	Biological Graduate	34 (27.9%)	28 (29.5%)

Items	Answer	Pre-course (%)	Post-course (%)	Change (%)	Gain class (g)
A. Natural selection produces organisms perfectly suited for their environment	Disagree	54.1	71.5	17.4	0.38 (medium)
B. Natural selection acts on individual organisms, adapting them to the enviroment	Disagree	55.0	63.2	8.2	0.18 (low)
C. Cheeta's ability to run quickly has evolved because the species needed to be able to capture prey.	Disagree	38.5	52.6	14.1	0.23 (low)
D. Population changes over generations are always adaptive.	Disagree	62.3	80.0	17.7	0.47 (medium)
E. Genetic drift is an evolutionary mechanism that occurs when a population is not under natural selection.	Disagree	59.9	65.3	5.4	0.73 (low)
F. Current species evolved over a long period of time and, therefore, they have more anatomical, biochemical and physiological characteristics than their ancestors.	Disagree	69.7	83.2	13.5	0.44 (medium)
G. The raised guarding behavior in meerkats evolved through natural selection for the survival of the species.	Disagree	14.8	28.4	13.6	0.16 (low)
H. Scientific hypotheses become theories and, finally, with more evidence, they become well-established facts.	Disagree	41.0	57.9	16.9	0.28 (medium)
I. The lack of fossil records for intermediate forms, as found among Homo sapiens and species of hominins, may refute the evolutionary theory.	Disagree	90.2	93.3	3.1	0.31 (medium)
J. Evolutionary theory reached its maturity with the unification of Darwinism and genetics, and has not changed since then.	Disagree	78.7	93.6	14.9	0.69 (medium)
K. Morphological evolution is limited by developmental and historical constraints.	Agree	65.5	71.6	6.1	0.17 (low)
L. New genes are not required for phenotypic evolution.	Agree	55.7	88.4	32.7	0.74 (high)
M. The lineages of organisms have evolved at a constant rate.	Disagree	72.2	82.1	9.9	0.35 (medium)
N. Evolutionary radiations and extinctions are important evolutionary processes.	Agree	91.8	97.9	6.1	0.74 (high)
O. There is a lot of evidence that supports the hypothesis of common ancestry between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.	Agree	90.0	97.9	7.9	0.79 (high)
P. Macroevolutionary events (on a scale above the level of populations) result from the sum of microevolutionary events (population-level phenomena).	Disagree	8.2	19.0	10.8	0.12 (low)
Q. According to the phylogeny, fishes are as related to lizards as they are to mammals.	Agree	46.7	83.0	36.3	0.68 (medium)
R. According to the phylogeny, contemporary fishes gave rise to amphibians, which, in turn, gave rise to lizards.	Disagree	75.4	92.6	17.2	0.7 (high)
S. We can infer from the phylogeny that fishes have changed little since the divergence from the common ancestor of all vertebrates.	Disagree	63.1	75.8	12.7	0.34 (medium)
T. According to the phylogeny, amphibians are more closely related to lizards than they are to birds	Disagree	38.5	69.5	31.0	0.5 (medium)
U. We can infer from the phylogeny that amphibians are less evolved than birds and mammals.	Disagree	86.1	94.8	8.7	0.62 (medium)

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação para a Ciência, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências, campus de Bauru. Av. Engenheiro Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Campus Universitário - Vargem Limpa CEP 17033-360 Bauru - SP/ Brasil , Tel./Fax: (55 14) 3103 6177 - Bauru - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revista@fc.unesp.br

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[1] Contato: leonardo_luvison@hotmail.com