A Relação entre Organizações Regionais, Consolidação da Democracia e Segurança Cidadã: Os Casos do SICA e da UNASUL

Forti Neto, Octávio

doi:10.1590/S0102-8529.2019420300003

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Sumário

Research Articles • Contexto int. 42 (3) • Sep/Dec 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8529.2019420300003 copiar

A Relação entre Organizações Regionais, Consolidação da Democracia e Segurança Cidadã: Os Casos do SICA e da UNASUL

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

As Organizações Regionais da América Latina (ORs) trabalham ativamente na segurança dos cidadãos há pelo menos 20 anos. No entanto, existe uma relação importante entre a segurança cidadã e a consolidação democrática dos documentos de ORs nessa região, o que nos leva à principal pergunta: ‘Qual tem sido o papel das ORs com um nível formalizado de cooperação em segurança cidadã na consolidação democrática?’ Para responder a essa pergunta, esta pesquisa baseou-se em dois estudos de caso: O Sistema de Integração Centro-Americano (SICA) e a União das Nações Sul-Americanas (UNASUL) entre 2008 e 2018, período no qual ambas as organizações tiveram ações na área de segurança cidadã. Além disso, a metodologia utilizada nesta pesquisa foi o rastreamento de processos e o rastreamento comparativo de processos. Os resultados desta pesquisa destacam que as organizações desenvolveram uma visão de como ações cooperativas em segurança cidadã podem promover a consolidação da democracia, fortalecendo o Estado de Direito. No entanto, os atores são céticos quanto à capacidade das ORs de obter sucesso, uma vez que falta interesse político e há déficits de recursos, que são as principais barreiras para alcançar grande sucesso no campo da segurança cidadã e, consequentemente, na consolidação da democracia. Conclui-se que as ORs analisadas produzem muito em termos de documentos, mas pouco fazem para alcançar suas ambições, como reflexo das falhas do próprio regionalismo Latino-Americano.

Palavras-chave
cooperação em segurança cidadã; regionalismo; consolidação democrática; SICA; UNASUL

	2000	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Argentina	..	..	..	..	..	..	7.5	6.5	5.9
Belize	16.6	30.9	40.1	37.7	43.1	28.8	35.0	33.1	37.6
Bolivia	..	8.4	12.8	12.3	11.9	9.0	8.9	6.3	6.3
Brazil	23.7	22.8	22.0	24.2	26.5	26.8	28.0	28.4	29.5
Chile	..	3.7	3.2	3.7	2.5	3.2	3.6	3.0	3.5
Colombia	65.7	34.8	33.7	34.8	35.1	32.6	27.9	26.5	25.5
Costa Rica	6.3	11.7	11.6	10.3	8.7	8.7	10.0	11.6	11.9
Dominican Republic	14.1	24.3	25.0	25.1	22.3	19.2	17.4	..	15.2
Ecuador	14.5	17.9	17.6	15.4	12.5	11.0	8.2	6.5	5.9
El Salvador	60.5	71.4	64.7	70.6	41.7	40.2	62.4	105.4	82.8
Guatemala	24.9	45.4	40.7	38.0	33.8	33.7	31.4	29.4	27.3
Honduras	48.7	65.7	76.1	85.1	84.3	74.3	66.9	57.5	56.5
Nicaragua	9.5	14.2	13.7	12.7	11.5	10.0	8.7	8.6	7.4
Panamá	9.9	15.7	12.6	14.8	16.9	17.3	14.5	11.3	9.7
Paraguay	18.8	13.4	11.9	10.4	10.2	9.3	8.8	9.3	..
Peru	..	..	..	5.4	6.5	6.6	6.7	7.2	7.7
Uruguay	6.4	6.7	6.1	5.9	7.9	7.6	7.8	8.5	7.7
Venezuela	32.8	48.9	45.1	47.8	53.8	..	61.9	..	56.3
Guiana	10.1	15.7	18.8	17.4	18.5	20.4	19.5	19.4	18.4
Suriname	14.4	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..


Individual security and civil order focusing on the right to life, absence of fear and torture, personal security and the right to private property guaranteed and protected throughout the national territory;
The erga omnes application of the legal system, also at the supranational level, guaranteeing the rights and equality of citizens;
The absence, even at the local level, of areas dominated by organized crime;
The existence of a local, centralized and civil bureaucracy that competently and efficiently enforces the law and takes responsibility in the event of error;
The existence of an efficient police force that respects the rights and freedoms guaranteed by law;
Equal and unimpeded access by citizens to the justice system in cases of proceedings between private citizens and public institutions;
Reasonably prompt resolution of criminal investigations and administrative and civil court proceedings;
The complete independence of the judiciary from any political influence;
The absence of corruption in the political, administrative and judicial powers.

Effect (X)	F1	F2	F3	outcome Y
Directions of ROs in developing actions in cooperation in citizen security for SICA and UNASUR	Phase of institutionalisation 2008-2010 Regional alignments of the ROs SICAUNASUR	Phase of outputs 2010-2016 Implementation and results of the RO’s actions	Phase of scepticism 2016-2018 Ineffective results at the macro level for SICA and UNASUR	A sceptical vision of the players about their ROs promoting DC. Limitation of ROs in promoting DC though CS
	Players: High RO ranking – States Narratives	Players: Officials, experts, other ROs – national/ regional level Narratives	Players: Officials, experts and other ROs Narratives	ROs have a low impact on actions to strengthen the rule of law and thus on DC

Code/ name	Start date of execution	Financial source	Total amount (million dollars)	Current status
SEFRO	10/01/2010	EU	8.520.000	In execution
CASAC	11/21/2012	EU	2.967.000	In execution
A.B.1	04/01/2013	Canada	579.396,10	Finalised (03/31/2015)
B.A.1	07/01/2013	Finland and Netherlands	18.593.852	In execution
B.E.1	12/01/2013	EU	7.427.959	In execution
D.B.1	07/02/2012	Spain	7.044.109,20	In execution
D.B.1	12/13/2013	EU	21.724.345,50	Approved for execution
D.B.2	03/01/2012	Spain	4.312.393,80	In execution
PREVJUVE	01/01/2015	Spain	6.000.000	In execution
Support ESCA	04/01/2011	Spain	799.586	Finalised
PREVENIR - GIZ	________	Netherlands and Germany	_______	Seeking funding

Workgroups
1- Demand reduction;
2- Alternative, integral and sustainable development, including preventive;
3- Supply reduction;
4- Control measures;
5- Money laundering;
6- Institutional strengthening and legislative harmonization.

Axis	Alignments
Citizen Security	Strengthening institutional capacities and policy strategies in citizen security
	Strengthening citizen participation
	Citizen security with a human rights perspective
	Management of citizen security of population in border areas
Justice	Strengthening of judicial systems
	Strengthening access to justice
	Formulation and implementation of justice policy with a human rights perspective
	Strengthening prison policies and social rehabilitation
Transnational Organized Delinquency (T.O.D.)	Strengthening policies to address T.O.D.
	Cross-border cooperation
	Cooperation against T.O.D.
	Institutional capacity building for the fight against T.O.D.

Workgroups	Priority axes	Goals from 1 to 5*
Demand reduction	Physical and virtual diffusion and working meetings with academics, experts and citizens. Information exchange and administrative management experience on demand reduction.	3
Alternative, integral and sustainable	Exchange of experiences, information and best practices on the subject.	3
Alternative, integral and sustainable development, including preventive development	Implementation of information exchange mechanisms among producers of programs in the area.	3
Supply reduction	Priority axes without data.	--
Control measures	Information exchange and intelligence activities against criminal groups operating transnationally.	3
Money laundering	Exchange of experience between financial intelligence units.	2
Money laundering	Contribute to regional strengthening for judicial assistance systems (detention, confiscation, etc.).	2
Institutional strengthening and legislative harmonization	Promote and strengthen national drug observatories.	4
Institutional strengthening and legislative harmonization	Develop commonalities among drug observatories in order to create a network.	5

Thematic axis	Completed	Initiated	Uninitiated
Citizen Security	34%	11%	55%
Justice	25%	16%	58%
Transnational Organised Delinquency	45%	7%	48%
Mean	34.6%	11.3%	53.6%

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E-mail: cintjournal@puc-rio.br

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[1] Octávio Forti Neto is Professor at Centro Universitário do Vale do Ribeira (University Center of Vale do Ribeira – UNIVR), with a Ph.D. from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Master’s in political science at University of Campinas (UNICAMP). He serves as Director of Economic Development, Science, Technology and Innovation for the City of Registro, São Paulo. His research is concentrated on regional integration, democracy, rule of law, citizen security and regional organisation. He worked as a research assistant in the project ‘The EU, Regional Conflicts and the Promotion of Regional Cooperation: A Successful Strategy for a Global Challenge?’