Associations of oxidative stress markers with the prevalence of sarcopenia in the United States general population

Sang, Tingting; Gao, Feng; Lu, Xiao; Yang, Ying; Liu, Lingling; Zhang, Gang; Han, Guosong

doi:10.1016/j.clinsp.2024.100450

Tingting Sang

Data curation

Investigation

Resources

Writing – original draft

Writing – review & editing

Department of Rehabilitation, The People’s Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China

1 These authors contributed equally to this work.

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2747-9205

Feng Gao

Formal analysis

Methodology

Department of Orthopedics, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China

1 These authors contributed equally to this work.

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3644-3212

Xiao Lu

Software

Validation

Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4380-0465

Ying Yang

Software

Validation

Department of Rehabilitation, The People’s Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1691-8193

Lingling Liu

Software

Validation

Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, China

https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2898-7130

Gang Zhang

Conceptualization

Methodology

Software

Writing – original draft

Writing – review & editing

Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, China

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1330-8955

Guosong Han ^**Corresponding author. E-mail address:hanguosong137@163.com (G. Han).

Conceptualization

Methodology

Software

Writing – original draft

Writing – review & editing

Department of Orthopaedics, The First People’s Hospital of Hefei City, Hefei, Anhui, China

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9107-945X

*Corresponding author. E-mail address:hanguosong137@163.com (G. Han).

1
These authors contributed equally to this work.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Variables	Overall (n = 8,782)	Non-sarcopenia (n = 8,637)	Sarcopenia (n = 145)	p-value
Age, years	35.62 ± 0.31	35.60 ± 0.33	36.68 ± 1.98	0.615
Sex (%)				<0.001
Male	4363 (49.7%)	4251 (48.4%)	112 (1.3%)
Female	4419 (50.3%)	4386 (49.9%)	33 (0.7%)
Race (%)				0.159
Mexican American	1300 (14.8%)	1264 (14.4%)	36 (0.4%)
Other Hispanic	852 (9.7%)	841 (9.6%)	11 (0.1%)
Non-Hispanic Black	2024 (23.0%)	1999 (22.8%)	25 (0.3%)
Non-Hispanic White	3082 (35.1%)	3027 (34.5%)	55 (0.6%)
Other race
Family PIR	2.81 ± 0.08	2.82 ± 0.08	2.56 ± 0.15	0.099
Education level (%)				0.009
Less than high school	2993 (34.1%)	2913 (33.2%)	80 (0.9%)
High school	1643 (18.7%)	1621 (18.5%)	22 (0.3%)
More than high school	4146 (47.2%)	4103 (46.7%)	43 (0.5%)
Marital status (%)				0.206
Having a partner	4453 (50.7%)	4396 (50.1%)	57 (0.6%)
No partner	979 (11.1%)	961 (10.9%)	18 (0.2%)
Unmarried	3350 (38.1%)	3280 (37.3%)	70 (0.8%)
Hypertension (%)				<0.001
No	6862 (78.1%)	6782 (77.2%)	80 (0.9%)
Yes	1920 (21.9%)	1885 (21.1%)	65 (0.7%)
DM (%)				<0.001
No	8044 (91.6%)	7932 (90.3%)	112 (1.3%)
Yes	738 (8.4%)	705 (8.0%)	33 (0.4%)
Smoker (%)				0.885
No	5627 (64.1%)	5536 (63.0%)	91 (1.0%)
Former	1201 (13.7%)	1177 (13.4%)	24 (0.3%)
Now	1954 (22.3%)	1924 (21.9%)	30 (0.3%)
Alcohol user (%)				<0.001
No	1878 (21.4%)	1827 (20.8%)	51 (0.6%)
Former	875 (10.0%)	853 (9.7%)	22 (0.3%)
Mild	2336 (26.6%)	2309 (26.3%)	27 (0.3%)
Moderate	1419 (16.2%)	1414 (16.1%)	5 (0.1%)
Heavy	2274 (25.9%)	2234 (25.4%)	40 (0.5%)
BMI, kg/m²	28.10 ± 0.17	27.89 ± 0.16	40.31 ± 1.20	<0.001
Waist circumference, cm	95.66 ± 0.39	95.20 ± 0.38	121.92 ± 2.48	<0.001
Mean energy	2159.43 ± 11.78	2160.06 ± 11.51	2123.05 ± 76.08	0.617
intake (kcal/day)
Total bilirubin, g/dL	0.68 ± 0.01	0.68 ± 0.01	0.60 ± 0.03	0.009
Alb, g/L	43.51 ± 0.08	43.53 ± 0.08	42.18 ± 0.37	<0.001
GGT, iu/L	25.58 ± 0.56	25.52 ± 0.57	29.16 ± 2.09	0.106
Serum iron, ug/mL	86.59 ± 0.67	86.85 ± 0.66	71.45 ± 4.23	0.001
FBG, mg/dL	100.30 ± 0.37	99.92 ± 0.38	122.43 ± 8.84	0.017
TC, mg/dL	186.72 ± 0.80	186.82 ± 0.84	181.30 ± 5.65	0.359
TG, mg/dL	121.45 ± 1.76	120.86 ± 1.75	155.54 ± 5.91	<0.001
HDL, mg/dL	52.08 ± 0.30	52.26 ± 0.30	41.85 ± 0.91	<0.001
BUN, mg/dL	11.78 ± 0.07	11.77 ± 0.07	12.61 ± 0.58	0.160
UA, mg/dL	5.29 ± 0.03	5.28 ± 0.03	6.05 ± 0.19	<0.001
Scr, mg/dL	0.84 ± 0.00	0.84 ± 0.00	0.80 ± 0.03	0.159
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²	106.34 ± 0.42	106.20 ± 0.44	114.62 ± 3.57	0.032

	Model 1 OR (95%CI)	p for trend	Model 2 OR (95%CI)	p for trend	Model 3 OR (95%CI)	p for trend
Total bilirubin		<0.001		<0.001		0.032
0.10–0.50	1.00		1.00		1.00
0.51–0.60	0.38 (0.23, 0.64)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		0.40 (0.24, 0.67)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		0.63 (0.36, 1.11)
0.61–0.80	0.30 (0.19, 0.48)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		0.33 (0.21, 0.53)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		0.57 (0.34, 0.96)^a a p < 0.05;
0.81–7.10	0.29 (0.17, 0.47)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		0.33 (0.20, 0.55)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		0.57 (0.33, 1.01)
Alb		<0.001		<0.001		0.003
24.0–41.0	1.00		1.00		1.00
41.1–44.0	0.40 (0.27, 0.59)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		0.43 (0.29, 0.65)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		0.67 (0.41, 1.08)
44.1–46.0	0.15 (0.08, 0.26)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		0.16 (0.08, 0.29)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		0.39 (0.18, 0.86)
46.1–56.0	0.14 (0.07, 0.25)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		0.13 (0.07, 0.25)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		0.32 (0.16, 0.66)
GGT		<0.001		<0.001		0.733
4.0–12.0	1.00		1.00		1.00
12.1–17.0	3.27 (1.85, 5.76)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		3.15 (1.71, 5.78)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		1.10 (0.57, 2.13)
17.1–25.0	2.44 (1.37, 4.33)^b b p < 0.01;		2.87 (1.58, 5.22)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		1.09 (0.55, 2.16)
25.1–1510.0	1.50 (0.83, 2.71)		1.67 (0.92, 3.05)		0.97 (0.50, 1.85)
Serum iron		<0.001		<0.001		0.001
5.0–59.0	1.00		1.00		1.00
59.1–80.0	0.59 (0.40, 0.88)^a a p < 0.05;		0.60 (0.40, 0.90)^a a p < 0.05;		0.92 (0.58, 1.46)
80.1–105.0	0.26 (0.16, 0.42)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		0.26 (0.16, 0.44)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		0.45 (0.25, 0.79)^a a p < 0.05;
105.1–557.0	0.18 (0.11, 0.32)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		0.19 (0.11, 0.33)^c c p < 0.001. Alb, Albumin; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; OR, Odd Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval. Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, the complication of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, smoker, and alcohol user; Model 3 was adjusted for Model 2 variables plus body mass index, waist circumference, mean energy intake, fast glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.		0.45 (0.24, 0.86)^a a p < 0.05;

[1] *Corresponding author. E-mail address:hanguosong137@163.com (G. Han).

Brasil

Brasil

Associations of oxidative stress markers with the prevalence of sarcopenia in the United States general population

ABSTRACT

Objective:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusions:

HIGHLIGHTS