With Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
|
Bø et al. (27) |
Activity of PFMs during TrA contraction. |
NR |
Inward lifting and squeezing of the pelvic openings and vaginal palpation. |
Standing |
US |
Axial plane of minimal hiatal dimensions. Area measured as cm2. |
PFMs |
Tajiri et al. (22) |
Recorded TrA during PFM contraction. |
Yes |
Verbal orientation |
Supine |
US |
Not applicable |
AbMs |
Without Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
|
Bø et al. (26) |
Activity of the RA during PFM contraction. |
Yes |
Perineal and vaginal palpation; observation of movement and vaginal pressure measurements. |
NR |
EMG |
Balloon catheters. Result specifications not described. |
AbMs |
Bø et al. (25) |
Activity of PFMs during abdominal contraction. |
NR |
Vaginal palpation; observation and vaginal pressure measurements. |
Supine |
EMG |
Needle EMG. Result specifications not described |
PFMs |
Sapsford et al. (6) |
Activity of the TrA, RA, OI, OE and PFM was recorded during PFM contraction in three different lumbar spine positions. |
Yes |
Vaginal palpation. |
Supine |
EMG |
Intravaginal probe using NEEN HealthCare. %MVC-normalized EMG amplitudes. |
AbMs |
Neuman et al. (33) |
Activity of the TrA, OI, and PFM was recorded. The subjects performed PFM and abdominal contraction. |
Yes |
Perineal and vaginal palpation; observation of movement and vaginal pressure measurements. |
Supine and standing |
EMG |
Vaginal surface EMG. %MVC-normalized EMG amplitudes. |
PFMs and AbMs |
Madill et al. (9) |
Activity of the TrA, RA, OI, OE and PFM was recorded during PFM contraction. |
Yes |
Squeezing around the vagina and visible cephalad movement of the perineum, without breath holding. |
Supine |
EMG |
Modified Femiscan™ EMG probe. %MVC-normalized EMG amplitudes. |
AbMs |
Thompson et al. (37)
|
Activity of the RA, OI, OE, and PFM was recorded during PFM contraction and valsalva. |
Yes |
Vaginal palpation. |
Supine |
EMG |
Intravaginal probe Using NEEN HealthCare. %MVC-normalized EMG amplitudes. |
PFMs and AbMs |
Madill et al. (32) |
Activity of the TrA, RA, OI, and OE was recorded during PFM contraction. |
Yes |
EMG and pressure and observation of the perineum. |
Supine, sitting, and standing |
EMG |
Modified Femiscan™ EMG probe. %MVC-normalized EMG amplitudes. |
AbMs |
Junginger et al. (30) |
Activity of the TrA and PFM was recorded during abdominal and PFM contraction. |
No |
Confirmed by EMG. |
Supine |
EMG |
Intravaginal probe Periform®. %MVC-normalized EMG amplitudes. |
PFMs and AbMs |
Strupp et al. (35) |
Activity of the TrA and PFM was recorded. The subjects performed AHT and PFM contraction. |
Yes |
Inspection and vaginal palpation. |
Supine |
EMG |
Intravaginal probe Chattanooga Group®. MVEA-normalized EMG. |
PFMs and AbMs |
Chmielewska et al. (28) |
Measurement of the TrA and RA during PFM contraction. |
Yes |
Confirmed by EMG. |
Supine, sitting, and standing |
EMG |
Small diameter intravaginal probe. %MVC-normalized EMG amplitudes. |
AbMs |
Silva et al. (23) |
Activity of the TrA/OI during PFM contraction. Activity of the PFM during TrA/OI contraction. |
Yes |
Vaginal palpation; orientation on how to effectively contract the PFMs |
Standing |
EMG |
Endovaginal sensor PhysioMed Services®%. MVC-normalized EMG amplitudes. |
PFMs and AbMs |
Ithamar et al. (39) |
Activity of the TrA/OI, RA, OE and PFM during AHT |
Yes |
Verbal orientation on how to effectively contract the PFMs |
Supine, standing and quadrupedal |
EMG |
Intravaginal probe. %MVC-normalized EMG amplitudes. |
PFMs |
Both
|
Devreese et al. (29) |
PFMs during abdominal contraction. |
NR |
Inward observation of the perineum and vaginal palpation |
Supine |
Other |
Digital palpation. Scoring system |
PFMs |
Thompson et al. (38)
|
Activity of the RA, OI, OE, and PFM was recorded during PFM contraction and the Valsalva maneuver. |
NR |
Vaginal palpation. |
Supine |
EMG |
Intravaginal probe Using NEEN HealthCare. %MRC-normalized EMG amplitudes. |
PFMs and AbMs |
Madill et al. (31) |
Activity of the RA, OI, and OE was recorded during PFM contraction. |
Yes |
Visible cephalad movement of the perineum. |
Supine |
EMG |
Modified Femiscan™ EMG probe. RMS-MVC EMG amplitudes. |
AbMs |
Arab et al. (24) |
Activity of the TrA and OI was recorded during PFM contraction. |
Yes |
Lifting of the bladder base on transabdominal US. |
Not reported |
US |
Not applicable. |
AbMs |
Tajiri et al. (36) |
TrA during PFM contraction. |
Yes |
NR |
Supine |
US |
Not applicable |
AbMs |
Ptaszkowski et al. (34) |
RA during PFM contraction. |
Yes |
Confirmed by the physiotherapist. |
Standing |
EMG |
Life-care Vaginal Probe PR-02. RMS-MVC EMG amplitudes. |
PFMs and AbMs |