Small fiber neuropathy with long-term, multifocal paresthesias after a SARS-CoV-2 vaccination

Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorder affecting A-delta and C-fibres that conduct in a primarily afferent manner sensory qualities (pin-prick, pain, thermal, mechanical, chemical information) and autonomic information.¹ SFN usually manifests with sensory disturbances, pain, and autonomic abnormalities.¹ In general, SFN can be primary (hereditary) or secondary (acquired).¹ Infectious, metabolic, toxic, immunological paraneoplastic, and neoplastic disorders have been described as causes of acquired SFN.¹ Among the immunological causes, several vaccines have been identified as the cause of SFN.² There is increasing evidence that SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations can also cause SFN (Table 1).³, ⁴, ⁵, ⁶, ⁷, ⁸, ⁹ A patient who developed isolated, multifocal, acral sensory symptoms without pain or autonomic dysfunction for months shortly after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was not reported.

Table 1
Patients with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-related SFN reported in the literature as per the end of February 2023.

Age (y)	Gender	Brand	Dose	Lat (d)	Symptoms	Reference
52	f	AZV	2.	19	multifocal paresthesias	[index case]
40	f	BPV	2.	10	DN,flushing, diarrhea, MW, GD	4
52	f	MOV	2.	17	DN, vertigo, brain fog, palpitations, dysphagia, insomnia	4
32	f	MOV	2.	1	fatigue, brain fog, palpitations, vertigo, MW, SD, hives	4
12 pat.	nr	nr	nr	nr	POTS, hypohidrosis, tachycardia, Raynaud, SD	5
43	m	BPV	1.	3	nr	6
39	m	BPV	1.	10	pain, numbness, tingling, fasciculations, dysesthesia	7
60s	f	AZV	1.	7	dysesthesias, hypoalgesia, low vibration	8
50s	f	AZV	1.	10	dysesthesias, thermhypesthesia	8
60s	m	AZV	1.	15	dysesthesia, thermhypesthesia	8
27	f	BPV	2.	Nr	MW, neuropathy, fatigue, neuralgia, paresthesia.	9
57	f	BPV	2.	7	burning dysesthesias	10
52	m	BPV	2.	Nr	paresthesias, burning and stabbing pain, tinnitus	11

• AZV, Astra Zeneca vaccine; BPV, Biontec Pfizer vaccine; d, days, DN, dizziness; GD, gait disturbance; Lat, latency between vaccination and onset of SFN; MOV, Moderna vaccine; MW, muscle weakness; POTS, postural tachycardia syndrome; SD, sensory disturbances; y, years.

The patient is a 52 years-old female, diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-related SFN based on history, clinical presentation, nerve conduction studies (NCSs), and skin biopsy from two sites. She presented 12 days after the second dose of the Astra Zeneca vaccine (AZV) with paresthesias affecting the tongue, lips, all fingers, and all toes. She did not complain of pain or any autonomic symptoms. Her history was positive for tinnitus, left-side glaucoma, right lower limb fractures due to trauma, menstrual problems, and bee and wasp allergy. Her individual and family history was negative for acquired or hereditary disorders of the peripheral nervous system. She didn’t take any medication regularly.

The clinical-neurologic exam revealed only sore neck muscles. There was no hypoesthesia, dysesthesia, or allodynia in the area of the pares-thesias. Blood tests showed only a moderately reduced glomerular filtration rate (66.0 ml/min (n: > 90 ml/min)). NCSs revealed only an axonal lesion of the right peroneal nerve, which was attributed to multiple fractures of the right lower limb. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the entire spine showed only osteochondrosis C5-C7. Lumbar puncture was not informative. A skin biopsy of the left thigh and the left lower leg revealed a marked reduction of the intra-epidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) to 1.75 +/−0.66 (n, 9.8-10.8)¹² at the distal lower limb and to 2.83 +/− 0.14 (n, 10.6-31.4)¹³ at the thigh. Extensive screening for secondary causes of SFN in the serum and urine was all inconclusive. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen showed only a single cortical renal cyst. The patient was suggested to take pregabalin but she did not agree. At the seven-month follow-up, she reported a slight reduction in her paresthesias without taking any medication.

This case shows that SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations can have side effects even without significant comorbidities, that SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations can cause SFN without pain or autonomic symptoms, that these symptoms can persist for months, and that they decrease without symptomatic treatment over time.

Since the introduction of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines evidence has accumulated that none of the commercially available vaccines is free of side effects for everyone. Most commonly, side effects occur in the central and peripheral nervous systems.¹⁴ One of the side effects affecting the PNS is SFN. SFN due to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is increasingly recognized and can occur as pure SFN⁸ or in combination with other neurological or non-neurological side effects.⁴ Common symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-associated SFN are hypoesthesia, thermohypoesthesia, paresthesia, dysesthesia, reduced vibration sense and focal, regional, or whole-body pain.⁴, ⁵, ⁶, ⁷, ⁸ In addition to sensory disturbances, these patients may develop autonomic abnormalities such as tachycardia, postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS), diarrhea, orthostasis, heat intolerance, hypohidrosis, and palpitations.⁵ Diagnosing SFN is based on history, clinical exams, blood tests, nerve conduction studies, and skin biopsies. The gold standard for diagnosing SFN is documentation of reduced IENFD or reduced sweat gland nerve fiber density (SGNFD).¹ The reduction of small fiber density can also be seen in corneal confocal microscopy and other techniques. There is no general agreement on how to treat SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-related SFN, but according to the guidelines for the treatment of SFN in general, patients with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-related SFN can benefit on the one hand, from symptomatic measures against pain, dysesthesias, allodynia, autonomic dysfunction⁹ and on the other hand from immunosuppressive treatment using glucocorticoids and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs).⁵

In summary, this case shows that SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are not safe for everyone and that their side effects can last for months, and can lead to long-term impairment. There is a need to produce safer anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in case the pandemic recurs.

Abbreviations:
• AZV  Astra Zeneca vaccine
• CT  Computed tomography
• IENFD  intra-epidermal nerve fiber density
• IVIGs  intravenous immunoglobulins
• MRI  Magnetic resonance imaging
• NCSs  nerve conduction studies
• PNS  peripheral nervous system
• POTS  postural tachycardia syndrome
• SARS-CoV-2  severe, acute, respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2
• SFN  small fiber neuropathy
• SGNFD  sweat gland nerve fiber density

• Funding
  No funding was received.
• Data access statement
  All data are available from the corresponding author.
• Data access statement
  Not applicable.
• Compliance with ethics guidelines
  This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

References

• ¹ Finsterer J, Scorza FA. Small fiber neuropathy. Acta Neurol Scand 2022;145(5):493–503.
• ² Kafaie J, Kim M, Krause E. Small fiber neuropathy following vaccination. J Clin Neuro-muscul Dis 2016;18(1):37–40.
• ³ Khokhar F, Khan A, Hussain Z, Yu J. Small fiber neuropathy associated with the moderna SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Cureus 2022;14(6):e25969.
• ⁴ Finsterer J. Small fiber neuropathy as a complication of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations. J Family Med Prim Care 2022;11(7):4071–3.
• ⁵ Safavi F, Gustafson L, Walitt B, Lehky T, Dehbashi S, Wiebold A, et al. Neuropathic symptoms with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2022:2022.05.16.22274439.
• ⁶ Watad A, De Marco G, Mahajna H, Druyan A, Eltity M, Hijazi N, et al. Immune-Mediated Disease Flares or New-Onset Disease in 27 Subjects Following mRNA/DNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021;9(5):435.
• ⁷ Mastropaolo M, Hasbani MJ. Small Fiber Neuropathy Triggered by COVID-19 Vaccination: Association with FGFR3 Autoantibodies and Improvement during Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment. Case Rep Neurol 2023;15(1):6–10.
• ⁸ Abbott MG, Allawi Z, Hofer M, Ansorge O, Brady S, Fadic R, Torres G, Knight R, Calvo M, Bennett DLH, Themistocleous AC. Acute small fiber neuropathy after Oxford-Astra-Zeneca ChAdOx1-S vaccination: A report of three cases and review of the literature. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2022;27(4):325–9.
• ⁹ Gautier WC, Gavinski K. An uncommon cause of a common disease: autoimmune small-fiber polyneuropathy after COVID-19 vaccination. J Gen Intern Med 2022;37:S405.
• ¹⁰ Waheed W, Carey ME, Tandan SR, Tandan R. Post COVID-19 vaccine small fiber neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2021;64(1):E1–2.
• ¹¹ Schelke MW, Barcavage S, Lampshire E, Brannagan 3rd TH. Post-COVID-19 vaccine small-fiber neuropathy and tinnitus treated with plasma exchange. Muscle Nerve 2022;66(4):E21–3.
• ¹² Provitera V, Gibbons CH, Wendelschafer-Crabb G, Donadio V, Vitale DF, Stancanelli A, et al. A multi-center, multinational age- and gender-adjusted normative dataset for immunofluorescent intraepidermal nerve fiber density at the distal leg. Eur J Neurol 2016;23(2):333–8.
• ¹³ McArthur JC, Stocks EA, Hauer P, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW. Epidermal nerve fiber density: normative reference range and diagnostic efficiency. Arch Neurol 1998;55(12):1513–20.
• ¹⁴ Finsterer J. Neurological side effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations. Acta Neurol Scand 2022;145(1):5–9.

Data access statement

All data are available from the corresponding author.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  19 May 2023
• Date of issue
  2023

History

• Received
  19 Feb 2023
• Accepted
  02 Mar 2023