Flushing |
90 (99. Ray D, Williams G. Pathophysiological causes and clinical significance of flushing. Br J Hosp Med. 1993;50(10):594-8.) |
Foregut: long-lasting, purple (99. Ray D, Williams G. Pathophysiological causes and clinical significance of flushing. Br J Hosp Med. 1993;50(10):594-8.
10. Liu EH, Solorzano CC, Katznelson L, Vinik AI, Wong R, Randolph G. AACE/ACE disease state clinical review: diagnosis and management of midgut carcinoids. Endocr Pract. 2015;21(5):534-45, http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP14464.DSC. http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP14464.DSC...
-1111. Vinik AI, Gonin J, England BG, Jackson T, McLeod MK, Cho K. Plasma substance-P in neuroendocrine tumors and idiopathic flushing: the value of pentagastrin stimulation tests and the effects of somatostatin analog. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;70(6):1702-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-70-6-1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-70-6-1702...
) |
Catecholamines, 5-HT, histamine, substance P (1010. Liu EH, Solorzano CC, Katznelson L, Vinik AI, Wong R, Randolph G. AACE/ACE disease state clinical review: diagnosis and management of midgut carcinoids. Endocr Pract. 2015;21(5):534-45, http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP14464.DSC. http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP14464.DSC...
,1111. Vinik AI, Gonin J, England BG, Jackson T, McLeod MK, Cho K. Plasma substance-P in neuroendocrine tumors and idiopathic flushing: the value of pentagastrin stimulation tests and the effects of somatostatin analog. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;70(6):1702-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-70-6-1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-70-6-1702...
) |
|
|
Midgut: short-lasting, pink to red color, face and trunk, can occur several times a day for a few minutes (99. Ray D, Williams G. Pathophysiological causes and clinical significance of flushing. Br J Hosp Med. 1993;50(10):594-8.
10. Liu EH, Solorzano CC, Katznelson L, Vinik AI, Wong R, Randolph G. AACE/ACE disease state clinical review: diagnosis and management of midgut carcinoids. Endocr Pract. 2015;21(5):534-45, http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP14464.DSC. http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP14464.DSC...
-1111. Vinik AI, Gonin J, England BG, Jackson T, McLeod MK, Cho K. Plasma substance-P in neuroendocrine tumors and idiopathic flushing: the value of pentagastrin stimulation tests and the effects of somatostatin analog. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;70(6):1702-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-70-6-1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-70-6-1702...
) |
Catecholamines, histamine, substance P, prostaglandins (1010. Liu EH, Solorzano CC, Katznelson L, Vinik AI, Wong R, Randolph G. AACE/ACE disease state clinical review: diagnosis and management of midgut carcinoids. Endocr Pract. 2015;21(5):534-45, http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP14464.DSC. http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/EP14464.DSC...
,1111. Vinik AI, Gonin J, England BG, Jackson T, McLeod MK, Cho K. Plasma substance-P in neuroendocrine tumors and idiopathic flushing: the value of pentagastrin stimulation tests and the effects of somatostatin analog. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;70(6):1702-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-70-6-1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-70-6-1702...
) |
Diarrhea |
60-80 (1414. Boutzios G, Kaltsas G. Clinical Syndromes Related to Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Front Horm Res. 2015;44:40-57, http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/issn.0301-3073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/issn.0301-3073...
) |
Secretory: intermittent accompanied by abdominal cramping (1414. Boutzios G, Kaltsas G. Clinical Syndromes Related to Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Front Horm Res. 2015;44:40-57, http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/issn.0301-3073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/issn.0301-3073...
,1515. Caplin ME, Buscombe JR, Hilson AJ, Jones AL, Watkinson AF, Burroughs AK. Carcinoid tumour. Lancet. 1998;352(9130):799-805, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)02286-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)...
) |
Gastrin, 5-HT, histamine, prostaglandins, VIP (1616. Borman RA, Burleigh DE. Heterogeneity of 5-HT receptors mediating secretion in the human intestine. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;812:224-5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48183.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.19...
,1919. Oberg K, Theodorsson-Norheim E, Norheim I. Motilin in plasma and tumor tissues from patients with the carcinoid syndrome. Possible involvement in the increased frequency of bowel movements. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1987;22(9):1041-8, http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365528708991954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365528708991...
) |
Abdominal pain |
35 |
Progressive (5454. Daskalakis K, Karakatsanis A, Stålberg P, Norlén O, Hellman P. Clinical signs of fibrosis in small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours. Br J Surg. 2017;104(1):69-75, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10333...
) |
Small bowel obstruction, hepatomegaly, ischemia (22. Mota JM, Sousa LG, Riechelmann RP. Complications from carcinoid syndrome: review of the current evidence. Ecancermedicalscience. 2016;10:662, http://dx.doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2016.662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2016.6...
) |
Bronchospasm |
15 (2020. Soga J, Yakuwa Y, Osaka M. Carcinoid syndrome: a statistical evaluation of 748 reported cases. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 1999;18(2):133-41.) |
Wheezing (2020. Soga J, Yakuwa Y, Osaka M. Carcinoid syndrome: a statistical evaluation of 748 reported cases. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 1999;18(2):133-41.) |
Histamine, 5-HT (2020. Soga J, Yakuwa Y, Osaka M. Carcinoid syndrome: a statistical evaluation of 748 reported cases. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 1999;18(2):133-41.) |
Pellagra |
5 (3131. Hegyi J, Schwartz RA, Hegyi V. Pellagra: dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. Int J Dermatol. 2004 Jan;43(1):1-5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.01959.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.20...
) |
Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (3131. Hegyi J, Schwartz RA, Hegyi V. Pellagra: dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. Int J Dermatol. 2004 Jan;43(1):1-5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.01959.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.20...
) |
Niacin deficiency |
CHD |
19-60 (3232. Luis SA, Pellikka PA. Carcinoid heart disease: Diagnosis and management. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;30(1):149-58, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2015.09.005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2015.09...
,3333. Steiner I. Carcinoid heart disease. Cesk Patol. 2003;39(2):55-8.) |
Dyspnea, holosystolic murmur radiating to the right side of the chest (3232. Luis SA, Pellikka PA. Carcinoid heart disease: Diagnosis and management. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;30(1):149-58, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2015.09.005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2015.09...
) |
5-HT, bradykinins, tachykinins, activin A, tissue growth factor (3232. Luis SA, Pellikka PA. Carcinoid heart disease: Diagnosis and management. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;30(1):149-58, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2015.09.005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2015.09...
) |
Mesenteric Fibrosis |
50 (5353. Druce MR, Bharwani N, Akker SA, Drake WM, Rockall A, Grossman AB. Intra-abdominal fibrosis in a recent cohort of patients with neuroendocrine (‘carcinoid’) tumours of the small bowel. QJM. 2010;103(3):177-85, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcp191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcp191...
) |
Ischemia of vessels: decreased absorption of nutrients, ascites, intestinal obstruction, ureteral obstruction (5454. Daskalakis K, Karakatsanis A, Stålberg P, Norlén O, Hellman P. Clinical signs of fibrosis in small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours. Br J Surg. 2017;104(1):69-75, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10333...
) |
5-HT, TGF-beta (5353. Druce MR, Bharwani N, Akker SA, Drake WM, Rockall A, Grossman AB. Intra-abdominal fibrosis in a recent cohort of patients with neuroendocrine (‘carcinoid’) tumours of the small bowel. QJM. 2010;103(3):177-85, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcp191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcp191...
,5858. Modlin IM, Shapiro MD, Kidd M. Carcinoid tumors and fibrosis: an association with no explanation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(12):2466-78, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.40507.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.20...
) |