01° (Avinun 2020) (2727. Avinun R, Romer AL, Israel S. Vitamin D polygenic score is associated with neuroticism and the general psychopathology factor. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2020;100:109912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109912 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109...
) |
Cross sectional |
n=522 278 women Average age: 20 years. |
Investigate the association between polygenic vitamin D scores and neuroticism personality traits. |
Personality; General psychological factor; Race/ethnicity; Economic status BMI Vitamin D genotyping |
Personality inventory; Mini international; neuropsychiatric Scale with stadiometer; Economic questionnaire; Isolation of saliva DNA using DNA self-collection kits. |
__ |
↑ GWAS-derived polygenic scores of associated vitamin D serum concentrations ↓ neuroticism Results suggest a positive genetic influence on vitamin D, neuroticism, and psychopathology |
02° (Casseb, Ambrosio et al. 2019) (2828. Casseb GAS, Ambrósio G, Rodrigues ALS, Kaster MP. Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, biochemical parameters and symptoms of depression and anxiety in healthy individuals. Metab Brain Dis. 2019;34(2):527-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-018-0371-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-018-0371-...
) |
Cross sectional |
n=36 27 women 09 men Age: 36-46 years |
Investigate the relationship between vitamin D levels, biochemical profile, and symptoms of depression and anxiety in healthy individuals. |
Symptoms of depression Anxiety Serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, insulin, cortisol, CRP, blood count, glucose, lipid profile Sociodemographic status Body composition (visceral fat, lean mass, and waist ratio) |
Beck (BDI) IDATE Biochemical blood analysis Chemiluminescence immunoassays (cortisol and insulin) Bristol scale (bowel habit and type of stool) CRP and CBC Hexokinase (glucose) Enzymatic methods (lipid profile): To check vitamin D, the ELISA kit was used. |
Insufficient: <40 ng/mL Suitable: ≥40 ng/mL |
↓ 25 (OH) D3 levels associated with detrimental effects on the biochemical profile, including ↑ glucose levels, triglycerides, and triglyceride/HDL ratio N/S association with symptoms of depression or anxiety |
03° (Pooyan 2018) (2929. Pooyan S, Rahimi MH, Mollahosseini M, Khorrami-Nezhad L, Nasir Y, Maghbooli Z, et al. A High-Protein/Low-Fat Diet May Interact with Vitamin D-Binding Protein Gene Variants to Moderate the Risk of Depression in Apparently Healthy Adults. Lifestyle Genom. 2018;11(1):64-72. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492497 https://doi.org/10.1159/000492497...
) |
Cross sectional |
n=265 139 women 126 men Age: 18-55 years |
Examine the effects of polymorphisms on the GC gene, which encodes VDBP |
Anthropometry Body composition Dietary intake Symptoms of depression, Blood pressure Glucose levels, total cholesterol LDL, and HDL serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level |
Depression Anxiety Stress Scales Automatic pressure monitor Semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire Segmental body composition analyzer Scale and tape measure Kits for biochemical measurements by radioimmunoassay method |
__ |
This study demonstrated that an HP/LF diet can interact with the VDBP genotype to moderate the risk of depression |
04° (Kim 2016) (3030. Kim JS, Choi YE, Baek JK, Cho HJ, Kim YS. The Association between Vitamin D and Health-Related Quality of Life in Korean Adults. Korean J Fam Med. 2016;37(4):221-7. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2016.37.4.221 https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2016.37.4.2...
) |
Cross sectional |
n=14,104 Age: 20-49 years |
Examine the correlation between vitamin D level and HRQoL in adults |
Serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D Health-related quality of life Sociodemographic variables |
HRQOL survey (assesses quality of life, including depression and anxiety) Kits for vitamin D (radioimmunoassay), Maslach Burnout InventoryKarasek's work content questionnaire Self-administered questionnaire, derived from the Sleep Disorders Questionnaire Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) |
__ |
Vitamin D level was not significantly associated with EuroQol-5 dimensions, except for depression and anxiety problems |
05° (Bicikova, Duskova et al. (2015) (3131. Bičíková M, Dušková M, Vítků J, Kalvachová B, Řípová D, Mohr P, et al. Vitamin D in anxiety and affective disorders. Physiol Res. 2015;64(Suppl 2):S101-3. https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.933082 https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.9330...
) |
Cross sectional |
n=126 64 women 62 men Age: 29.8- 33.7 years |
Investigate association of vitamin D levels in depression, anxiety, and control groups |
Depression and anxiety |
Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI Sheehan et al. 1998) Calcidiol was detected by the ECLIA method |
Suitable: 30-40 ng/mL |
Significantly lower levels of calcidiol were found in men and women with depression |
06° (Huang, Arnold et al. 2014) (3232. Huang JY, Arnold D, Qiu CF, Miller RS, Williams MA, Enquobahrie DA. Association of serum vitamin D with symptoms of depression and anxiety in early pregnancy. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2014;23(7):588-95. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2013.4598 https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2013.4598...
) |
Cross sectional |
n=500 Age: >18-<60 years |
To assess the associations between vitamin D concentrations in early pregnancy and symptoms of depression and antepartum anxiety and their potential modifiers. |
Serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D Symptoms of depression and anxiety |
Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Module (PHQ-9) BMI Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 [OH] D) were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. |
Insufficient: ≤32 ng/mL Deficient: ≤20 ng/mL |
A decrease of 1 ng/mL in 25 [OH] D was associated with greater anxiety and depression scores Participants with the lowest concentrations of 25 [OH] D (quartile 4: 25 [OH] D <28.9 ng/mL) had 1.11 higher PHQ-9 scores compared with participants with the highest concentrations of 25 [OH] D (quartile 1: 25 [OH] D ≥39.5 ng/mL. |
07° (Black, Jacoby et al. 2014) (3737. Black LJ, Jacoby P, Allen KL, Trapp GS, Hart PH, Byrne SM, et al. Low vitamin D levels are associated with symptoms of depression in young adult males. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014;48(5):464-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867413512383 https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867413512383...
) |
Cohort |
n=2,125 young adults Average age: 20 years |
Examine the associations between vitamin D concentrations and depressive symptoms. |
Serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D Symptoms of depression, stress, and anxiety |
Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales of 21 self-reported items (DASS-21). Isotope dilution liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, it was used for verification of vitamin D |
Sufficient: ≥75 nmol/L Insufficient: 50-74.9 nmol/L Deficient: <50 nmol/L |
There was a cross-sectional association between vitamin D concentrations and symptoms of depression, but not anxiety and stress. |
08° (Dean 2011) (3838. Dean AJ, Bellgrove MA, Hall T, Phan WM, Eyles DW, Kvaskoff D, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on cognitive and emotional functioning in young adults - a randomised controlled trial. PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e25966. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025966 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002...
) |
Clinical trial |
n=128 (more than half women). Age: 18-30 years |
Check if vitamin D supplementation influences cognition and emotion compared with placebo. |
Working memory Response inhibition Cognitive flexibility Serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D Psychotic experiences Depressive symptoms Traces of anxiety Rage Adverse effects |
Task N-Back Response inhibition - stop signal task Cognitive flexibility The Peters Delusion Inventory-21 (PDI-21) The white noise task Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Inventário de Expressão de Raiva Traço-Estado (STAXI-2). Emerging symptoms scale Vitamin D capillary whole blood by finger prick by mass spectroscopy. |
Ctoff point used for failure: 50 nmol/L |
Results: N/S, despite ↑ in vitamin D levels. |
09° (Lansdowne and Provost 1998) (3939. Lansdowne ATG, Provost SC. Vitamin D3 enhances mood in healthy subjects during winter. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1998;135(4):319-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130050517 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130050517...
) |
Clinical trial |
n=44 students 34 women 10 menIdade: 18-43 anos |
Investigate whether vitamin D3 improves mood in healthy individuals during winter. |
Humor |
Programming scale of positive and negative effects (PANAS) |
__ |
Vitamin D3 levels have a positive effect on mood and vary significantly between seasons. Results imply a link between the hormone and seasonal mood swings Supplementation and testing were carried out in late winter, when natural vitamin D3 levels were probably minimal |
10° (Al-Atram 2020) (3333. Alatram A, Raghunath G, Kannan SK. The Relationship between Vitamin D and Mental Health among Dental Students in Saudi Arabia: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2020;14(4):VC07-VC10.) |
Cross-sectional |
n=100 men Age: 19-23 years |
To understand the correlation between vitamin D deficiency, incidence of depression and anxiety and its influence on the academic performance of university dental students |
Symptoms of depression and anxiety |
25 (OH) D assay using Elisa DiaSorin S.p.A (Saluggia, Italy) The anxiety scale The Beck Beck Depression Inventory |
Insufficiency: 25 (OH) D <20 ng/mL. |
Vitamin D deficiency was positively correlated with anxiety symptoms N/S correlation between vitamin D deficiency and depression. |
11° (Altinbas 2019) (3434. Altınbaş A. The effect of vitamin d levels on the mood disorders of the operating room and intensive care unit staff. J Clin Anal Med. 2019;10:156-61.) |
Cross-sectional |
n=96 health professionals 76 women 20 men Age: 38.12±8.52 years |
To investigate the impact of vitamin D levels on the severity of anxiety and depression in the operating room and ICU staff. |
Symptoms of depression and anxiety |
Measurement of vitamin D levels by (Electrochemiluminescence) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) Sociodemographic data. |
Insufficiency: 25 (OH) D3 <20 ng/mL |
↓ vitamin D levels in the operating room and ICU staff had a negative impact on anxiety and depression levels |
12° (Choukri, Conner et al. 2018) (4040. Choukri MA, Conner TS, Haszard JJ, Harper MJ, Houghton LA. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms and psychological wellbeing in healthy adult women: a double-blind randomised controlled clinical trial. J Nutr Sci. 2018;7:e23. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2018.14 https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2018.14...
) |
Clinical trial |
n=152 young adult women Age: 18-40 years. |
To test the causal effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on depression in a large non-clinical sample of pre-menopausal women over a 6-month period. |
Depression Anxiety Humor anthropometric data (height and weight) Flourishing (analyzes happiness or well-being) Anthropometry Outdoor time Skin color |
CES-D (symptoms of depression) Online journals of positive and negative mood Anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) Eight-item flowering scale Positive and negative mood (at 0, 2, 4, and 6 months, participants evaluated their daily positive and negative mood on a scale) for vitamin D, the isotope dilution liquid chromatography method was used. |
Levels <20 ng/mL have been established for insufficiency. |
N/S the effects of a single monthly dose of vitamin D3 supplementation during autumn and winter on depression and other mood outcomes in healthy premenopausal women. |
13° (Williams, Romero et al. 2016) (3535. Williams JA, Romero VC, Clinton CM, Vazquez DM, Marcus SM, Chilimigras JL, et al. Vitamin D levels and perinatal depressive symptoms in women at risk: a secondary analysis of the mothers, omega-3, and mental health study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16(1):203. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0988-7 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0988-...
) |
Cross Sectional |
n=126 pregnant women |
Check if lower levels of vitamin D during pregnancy would be associated with higher depression symptom scores during pregnancy and 6-8 weeks after delivery. |
Depression Biomarkers (omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and serum docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid |
Beck Depression Inventory Mini International Neuropsychiatric interview Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) 25-OH-D radioimmunoassay kit |
Sufficiency: >20 ng/mL Deficiency: <20 ng/mL |
↓ Vitamin D levels in early pregnancy are associated with ↑ depressive symptom scores in early and late pregnancy |
14° (Hashemi 2017) (4141. Hashemi S, Amani R, Cheraghian B, Neamatpour S, Afsharmanesh M. Association of Serum Vitamin D and Total Antioxidant Capacity Levels With Stress and Anxiety in Young Females Students. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2017;11(2):e7790. https://doi.org/10.17795/ijpbs-7790 https://doi.org/10.17795/ijpbs-7790...
) |
Case Control |
n=45 female non-depressed medical science students with some degrees of stress and anxiety 45 controls without depression, stress, and anxiety Age: 18-32 years |
Investigate the relationship between stress and anxiety with vitamin D and serum TAC |
Depression and anxiety |
Depression, Anxiety and Stress Status Questionnaire (DASS) Beck inventory Enzyme immunoassay in human serum or plasma by Elisa kit determined vitamin D levels Quantitative determination of total antioxidant capacity in serum and plasma |
Insufficient: 25-74 nM/L Sufficient: 75-250 nM/L and Potential intoxication: >250 nM/L |
Low levels of vitamin D may be associated with increased stress and anxiety. |
15° (von Kanel, Fardad et al. 2015) (3636. Von Känel R, Fardad N, Steurer N, Horak N, Hindermann E, Fischer F, et al. Vitamin D Deficiency and Depressive Symptomatology in Psychiatric Patients Hospitalized with a Current Depressive Episode: A Factor Analytic Study. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138550. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138550 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013...
) |
Cross sectional |
n=380 70% women Average age: 47±12 years |
To investigate the relationship between vitamin D status, severity, and dimension of depressive symptoms in hospitalized patients with psychiatric depression |
Severity of depression |
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) Beck-II depression inventory Brief Symptom Inventory Vitamin D status (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) |
Deficiency: <50 nmol/L Insufficiency: 50-75 nmol/L Sufficiency: >75 nmol/L |
Vitamin D deficiency: ↑ score on the HADS-D scale and on an anhedonia symptom factor. Vitamin D deficiency: ↑score on the BDI-II scale. |