CNS |
Meningitis |
rare |
[Naz et al. (1313. Naz S, Hanif M, Haider MA, Ali MJ, Ahmed MU, Saleem S. Meningitis as an Initial Presentation of COVID-19: A Case Report. Front Public Health. 2020;8:474. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00474 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00474...
)] |
|
Delirium |
rare |
[Poloni et al. (1616. Poloni TE, Medici V, Moretti M, Visonè SD, Cirrincione A, Carlos AF, et al. COVID-19-related neuropathology and microglial activation in elderly with and without dementia. Brain Pathol. 2021;e12997. https://doi.org/10.1111/bpa.12997 https://doi.org/10.1111/bpa.12997...
)] |
|
ADEM |
rare |
[Abdi et al. (1414. Abdi S, Ghorbani A, Fatehi F. The association of SARS-CoV-2 infection and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis without prominent clinical pulmonary symptoms. J Neurol Sci. 2020;416:117001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.117001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.11700...
)] |
|
Epilepsy |
rare |
[Pinna et al. (1515. Pinna P, Grewal P, Hall JP, Tavarez T, Dafer RM, Garg R, et al. Neurological manifestations and COVID-19: Experiences from a tertiary care center at the Frontline. J Neurol Sci. 2020;415:116969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116969 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.11696...
)] |
|
Headache |
rare |
[Pinna et al. (1515. Pinna P, Grewal P, Hall JP, Tavarez T, Dafer RM, Garg R, et al. Neurological manifestations and COVID-19: Experiences from a tertiary care center at the Frontline. J Neurol Sci. 2020;415:116969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116969 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.11696...
)] |
|
Ischemic stroke |
rare |
[Pinna et al. (1515. Pinna P, Grewal P, Hall JP, Tavarez T, Dafer RM, Garg R, et al. Neurological manifestations and COVID-19: Experiences from a tertiary care center at the Frontline. J Neurol Sci. 2020;415:116969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116969 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.11696...
)] |
|
Intracerebral bleeding |
rare |
[Pinna et al. (1515. Pinna P, Grewal P, Hall JP, Tavarez T, Dafer RM, Garg R, et al. Neurological manifestations and COVID-19: Experiences from a tertiary care center at the Frontline. J Neurol Sci. 2020;415:116969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116969 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.11696...
)] |
|
Short term memory impairment |
rare |
[Pinna et al. (1515. Pinna P, Grewal P, Hall JP, Tavarez T, Dafer RM, Garg R, et al. Neurological manifestations and COVID-19: Experiences from a tertiary care center at the Frontline. J Neurol Sci. 2020;415:116969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116969 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.11696...
)] |
|
Transverse myelitis |
rare |
[Chakraborty et al. (1717. Chakraborty U, Chandra A, Ray AK, Biswas P. COVID-19-associated acute transverse myelitis: a rare entity. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(8):e238668. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-238668 https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-238668...
)] |
|
Altered mental state |
rare |
[Pinna et al. (1515. Pinna P, Grewal P, Hall JP, Tavarez T, Dafer RM, Garg R, et al. Neurological manifestations and COVID-19: Experiences from a tertiary care center at the Frontline. J Neurol Sci. 2020;415:116969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116969 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.11696...
)] |
|
Confusion |
rare |
[Alkeridy et al. (1818. Alkeridy WA, Almaghlouth I, Alrashed R, Alayed K, Binkhamis K, Alsharidi A, et al. A Unique Presentation of Delirium in a Patient with Otherwise Asymptomatic COVID-19. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68(7):1382-4. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16536 https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16536...
)] |
|
Acute encephalopathy |
rare |
[Farhadian et al. (1919. Farhadian S, Glick LR, Vogels CBF, Thomas J, Chiarella J, Casanovas-Massana A, et al. Acute encephalopathy with elevated CSF inflammatory markers as the initial presentation of COVID-19. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2020;rs.3.rs-28583.https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-28583/v1. Update in: BMC Neurol. 2020;20(1):248. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21203...
)] |
Nerves |
Hyposmia |
frequent |
[Ramasamy et al. (44. Ramasamy K, Saniasiaya J, Abdul Gani N. Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions as a Clinical Manifestation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a Malaysian Tertiary Center. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2021;130(5):513-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003489420963165 https://doi.org/10.1177/0003489420963165...
)] |
|
|
|
[Chi et al. (2020. Chi H, Chiu NC, Peng CC, Lin CH, Tai YL, Lee MD, et al. One-Seventh of Patients with COVID-19 Had Olfactory and Gustatory Abnormalities as Their Initial Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Life (Basel). 2020;10(9):158. https://doi.org/10.3390/life10090158 https://doi.org/10.3390/life10090158...
)] |
|
Hypogeusia |
frequent |
[Ramasamy et al. (44. Ramasamy K, Saniasiaya J, Abdul Gani N. Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions as a Clinical Manifestation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a Malaysian Tertiary Center. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2021;130(5):513-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003489420963165 https://doi.org/10.1177/0003489420963165...
)] |
|
|
|
[Chi et al. (2020. Chi H, Chiu NC, Peng CC, Lin CH, Tai YL, Lee MD, et al. One-Seventh of Patients with COVID-19 Had Olfactory and Gustatory Abnormalities as Their Initial Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Life (Basel). 2020;10(9):158. https://doi.org/10.3390/life10090158 https://doi.org/10.3390/life10090158...
)] |
|
Guillain-Barre syndrome |
rare |
[Zhao et al. (2121. Zhao H, Shen D, Zhou H, Liu J, Chen S. Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: causality or coincidence? Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(5):383-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30109-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30...
)] |
|
Dysautonomia |
rare |
[Pinna et al. (1515. Pinna P, Grewal P, Hall JP, Tavarez T, Dafer RM, Garg R, et al. Neurological manifestations and COVID-19: Experiences from a tertiary care center at the Frontline. J Neurol Sci. 2020;415:116969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116969 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.11696...
)] |
|
Facial palsy |
rare |
[Pinna et al. (1515. Pinna P, Grewal P, Hall JP, Tavarez T, Dafer RM, Garg R, et al. Neurological manifestations and COVID-19: Experiences from a tertiary care center at the Frontline. J Neurol Sci. 2020;415:116969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.116969 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2020.11696...
)] |
Muscle |
Myositis |
rare |
[Almadani et al. (2222. Almadani M, Shiferson A, Swearingen B, Shih M, Jacob T, Rhee R. Compartment syndrome secondary to viral myositis as initial presentation in COVID-19 patient. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech. 2020;6(4):524-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvscit.2020.08.021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvscit.2020.08...
)] |
|
Rhabdomyolysis |
rare |
[Anklesaria et al. (2323. Anklesaria Z, Frankman J, Gordin J, Zhan J, Liu AK. Fatal Rhabdomyolysis in a COVID-19 Patient on Rosuvastatin. Cureus. 2020;12(10):e11186. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.11186 https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.11186...
)] |
|
|
|
[Suwanwongse et al. (2424. Suwanwongse K, Shabarek N. Rhabdomyolysis as a Presentation of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease. Cureus. 2020;12(4):e7561. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7561 https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7561...
)] |
Eyes |
Pan-uveitis |
rare |
[Benito-Pascual et al. (2525. Benito-Pascual B, Gegúndez JA, Díaz-Valle D, Arriola-Villalobos P, Carreão E, Culebras E, et al. Panuveitis and Optic Neuritis as a Possible Initial Presentation of the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(6):922-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.1792512 https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.17...
)] |
|
Optic neuritis |
rare |
[Benito-Pascual et al. (2525. Benito-Pascual B, Gegúndez JA, Díaz-Valle D, Arriola-Villalobos P, Carreão E, Culebras E, et al. Panuveitis and Optic Neuritis as a Possible Initial Presentation of the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(6):922-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.1792512 https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.17...
)] |
|
Conjunctivitis |
rare |
[Ozturker (2626. Ozturker ZK. Conjunctivitis as sole symptom of COVID-19: A case report and review of literature. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021;31(2):NP161-NP166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1120672120946287. Erratum in: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2020;1120672120956486 https://doi.org/10.1177/1120672120946287...
)] |
|
Conjunctival congestion |
rare |
[Chen et al. (2727. Chen L, Deng C, Chen X, Zhang X, Chen B, Yu H, et al. Ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of 535 cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a cross-sectional study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2020;98(8):e951-e959. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14472 https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14472...
)] |
|
Retro-orbital pain |
rare |
[Ruiy et al. (2828. Ruiy W, Hsu SY, Tsai HL, Chen CT, Tseng CP, Chen WT. COVID-19 mimicking dengue fever with the initial manifestation of retro-orbital pain - A Rare Case. J Formos Med Assoc. 2020;119(11):1715-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2020.05.039 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2020.05.0...
)] |
Ears |
Sensorineural hearing loss |
rare |
[Kilic et al. (55. Kilic O, Kalcioglu MT, Cag Y, Tuysuz O, Pektas E, Caskurlu H, et al. Could sudden sensorineural hearing loss be the sole manifestation of COVID-19? An investigation into SARS-COV-2 in the etiology of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;97:208-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.023 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.0...
)] |
Heart |
Myocarditis |
rare |
[Naneishvili et al. (66. Naneishvili T, Khalil A, O'Leary R, Prasad N. Fulminant myocarditis as an early presentation of SARS-CoV-2. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(9):e237553. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-237553 https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-237553...
)] |
Intestines |
Abdominal pain, cramps, nausea |
frequent |
[Dietrich et al. (77. Dietrich CG, Hübner D, Marx G, Bickenbach J, Bootsveld A. Primary presentation of COVID-19 solely with gastrointestinal symptoms: a problem for the containment of the disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;32(11):1475-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0000000000001922 https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.000000000000...
)] |
|
|
|
[Wu et al. (2929. Wu CY, Yu XP, Ma AHY, Wang LP, Yang NB, Li GX, et al. Coronavirus disease 19 with gastrointestinal symptoms as initial manifestations: a case report. J Int Med Res. 2020;48(9):300060520952256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060520952256 https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060520952256...
)] |
|
|
|
[Amaral et al. (3030. Amaral LTW, Brito VM, Beraldo GL, Fonseca EKUN, Yokoo P, Talans A, et al. Abdominal symptoms as initial manifestation of COVID-19: a case series. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2020;18:eRC5831. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2020RC5831 https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journa...
)] |
|
|
|
[Remes-Troche et al. (3131. Remes-Troche JM, Ramos-de-la-Medina A, Manríquez-Reyes M, Martínez-Pérez-Maldonado L, Lara EL, Solís-González MA. Initial Gastrointestinal Manifestations in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in 112 Patients From Veracruz in Southeastern Mexico. Gastroenterology. 2020;159(3):1179-81. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.055 https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05...
)] |
|
|
|
[Khader et al. (3232. Khader M, Al Bishawi A, Kambal A, Abdelmajid A. SARS-CoV-2 infection presenting as colitis with chest and abdomen CT findings. Radiol Case Rep. 2020;15(11):2427-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radcr.2020.09.035 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radcr.2020.09....
)] |
|
Hepatopathy |
frequent |
[Mao et al. (3333. Mao R, Qiu Y, He JS, Tan JY, Li XH, Liang J, et al. Manifestations and prognosis of gastrointestinal and liver involvement in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(7):667-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30126-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30...
)] |
|
Mesenteric adenopathy |
rare |
[Noda et al. (3434. Noda S, Ma J, Romberg EK, Hernandez RE, Ferguson MR. Severe COVID-19 initially presenting as mesenteric adenopathy. Pediatr Radiol. 2021;51(1):140-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-020-04789-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-020-04789...
)] |
|
Gastrointestinal bleeding |
rare |
[Gulen and Satar (3535. Gulen M, Satar S. Uncommon presentation of COVID-19: Gastrointestinal bleeding. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2020;44(4):e72-e76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinre.2020.05.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinre.2020.05...
)] |
|
Pancreatitis |
rare |
[Wang et al. (3636. Wang K, Luo J, Tan F, Liu J, Ni Z, Liu D, et al. Acute Pancreatitis as the Initial Manifestation in 2 Cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(9):ofaa324. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa324 https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa324...
)] |
|
Diarrhea |
rare |
[Yang et al. (3737. Yang X, Zhao J, Yan Q, Zhang S, Wang Y, Li Y. A case of COVID-19 patient with the diarrhea as initial symptom and literature review. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2020;44(5):e109-e112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinre.2020.03.013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinre.2020.03...
)] |
Vessels |
Deep venous thrombosis |
frequent |
[Erdinc et al. (88. Erdinc B, Raina JS. Spontaneous Retroperitoneal Bleed Coincided With Massive Acute Deep Vein Thrombosis as Initial Presentation of COVID-19. Cureus. 2020;12(8):e9772. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.9772 https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.9772...
)] |
|
Artery thrombosis |
rare |
[Thompson et al. (3838. Thompson O, Pierce D, Whang D, O'Malley M, Geise B, Malhotra U. Acute limb ischemia as sole initial manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech. 2020;6(4):511-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvscit.2020.07.017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvscit.2020.07...
)] |
|
|
|
[Shao et al. (3939. Shao T, In-Bok Lee C, Jabori S, Rey J, Duran ER, Kang N. Acute upper limb ischemia as the first manifestation in a patient with COVID-19. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech. 2020;6(4):674-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvscit.2020.08.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvscit.2020.08...
)] |
|
Common carotid artery occlusion |
rare |
[Alkhaibary et al. (99. Alkhaibary A, Abbas M, Ahmed ME, Khatri IA, Alkhani A. Common Carotid Artery Occlusion in a Young Patient: Can Large-Vessel Stroke Be the Initial Clinical Manifestation of Coronavirus Disease 2019? World Neurosurg. 2020;144:140-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.154 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.1...
)] |
Skin |
Chilblain-like lesions, bullae |
rare |
[Rubin et al. (4040. Rubin A, Alamgir M, Rubin J, Rao BK. Chilblain-like lesions with prominent bullae in a patient with COVID-19. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(11):e237917. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-237917 https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-237917...
)] |
|
Maculopapular rash |
rare |
[Falkenhain et al. (4141. Falkenhain López D, Sánchez-Velázquez A, Ortiz de Frutos J. Maculopapular rash as initial manifestation of SRAS-coronavirus-2 infection. Med Clin (Engl Ed). 2020;155(2):92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcle.2020.04.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcle.2020.04...
)] |
Blood |
Thrombocytopenia |
rare |
[Ahmed et al. (4242. Ahmed MZ, Khakwani M, Venkatadasari I, Horgan C, Giles H, Jobanputra S, et al. Thrombocytopenia as an initial manifestation of COVID-19; case series and literature review. Br J Haematol. 2020;189(6):1057-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16769 https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16769...
)] |
Other |
Neonatal apnoea |
rare |
[Gonzalez-Brabin et al. (1010. González Brabin A, Iglesias-Bouzas MI, Nieto-Moro M, Martínez de Azagra-Garde A, García-Salido A. Apnea neonatal como manifestación inicial de infección por SARS-CoV-2 [Neonatal apnea as initial manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection]. An Pediatr (Engl Ed). 2020;93(3):215-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.05.008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.05...
)] |
|
Orofacial manifestations |
rare |
[Halboub et al. (1111. Halboub E, Al-Maweri SA, Alanazi RH, Qaid NM, Abdulrab S. Orofacial manifestations of COVID-19: a brief review of the published literature. Braz Oral Res. 2020;34:e124. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0124 https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-202...
)] |