Rats |
Maximal electroshock or subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol or
amygdala kindling or AY-9944 |
1- 6 days |
Acetone injection |
↓ |
Anticonvulsant effect of acetonea
|
2727. Likhodii SS, Serbanescu I, Cortez MA, Murphy P, Snead OC,
Burnham WM. Anticonvulsant properties of acetone, a brain ketone elevated by the
ketogenic diet. Annals of Neurology. 2003;54(2):219-26,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.10634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.10634...
|
Mice |
Pentylenetetrazol, 4-aminopyridine |
15-240 min |
Acetone injection |
↓ |
Anticonvulsant effect of acetonea
|
2626. Gasior M, French A, Joy MT, Tang RS, Hartman AL, Rogawski MA.
The anticonvulsant activity of acetone, the major ketone body in the ketogenic
diet, is not dependent on its metabolites acetol, 1, 2-propanediol,
methylglyoxal, or pyruvic acid. Epilepsia. 2007;48(4):793-800,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01026.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.20...
|
Mice |
- |
3 days |
KD |
Not rated |
↑ GABA |
3232. Yudkoff M, Daikhin Y, Nissim I, Lazarow A, Nissim I. Brain amino
acid metabolism and ketosis. J Neurosci Res. 2001;66(2):272-81,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.1221...
|
Rats (cultured astrocytes) |
- |
5 days |
β-hydroxybutyrate |
Not rated |
↓ GABA transaminase mRNA |
3333. Suzuki Y, Takahashi H, Fukuda M, Hino H, Kobayashi K, Tanaka J,
et al. β-hydroxybutyrate alters GABA-transaminase activity in cultured
astrocytes. Brain Res. 2009;1268(1):17-23,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.200...
|
Humans (children with refractory epilepsy) |
- |
3-6 months |
KD |
↓ |
↑ GABA |
3030. Dahlin M, Elfving Å, Ungerstedt U, Åmark P. The
ketogenic diet influences the levels of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in
the CSF in children with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2005;64(3):115-25,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.03.008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2...
|
Rats (hippocampal slices) |
Antidromic stimulation |
40 min |
β-hydroxybutyrate |
↓ |
↑ KATP channels |
3434. Tanner GR, Lutas A, Martínez-François JR, Yellen G.
Single KATP channel opening in response to action potential firing in mouse
dentate granule neurons. J Neurosci. 2011;31(23):8689-96,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5951-10.2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5951...
|
Rats |
- |
3 weeks |
KD |
↓ |
↑ Brain KBs and ↓ glucose uptake |
2929. LaManna JC, Salem N, Puchowicz M, Erokwu B, Koppaka S, Flask C,
Lee Z. Ketones suppress brain glucose consumption. Adv Exp Med Biol.
2009;645:301-6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-85998-9_45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-8599...
|
In vitro (proteoliposomes) |
- |
n.d. |
Acetoacetate |
Not rated |
↓ Glutamate |
3636. Juge N, Gray JA, Omote H, Miyaji T, Inoue T, Hara C, et al.
Metabolic control of vesicular glutamate transport and release. Neuron.
2010;68(1):99-112,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010....
|
Mice (norepinephrine transporter knockouts) |
Maximal electroshock |
n.d. |
KD |
↓ |
↑ Norepinephrineb
|
3838. Martillotti J, Weinshenker D, Liles LC, Eagles DA. A ketogenic
diet and knockout of the norepinephrine transporter both reduce seizure severity
in mice. Epilepsy Res. 2006;68(3):207-11,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2...
|
Humans (children with refractory epilepsy) |
- |
3 months |
KD |
↓ |
↓ Dopamine and serotonin |
1919. Dahlin M, Månsson J-E, Åmark P. CSF levels of dopamine
and serotonin, but not norepinephrine, metabolites are influenced by the
ketogenic diet in children with epilepsy. Epilepsy Research. 2012;99(1):132-8,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.11.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2...
|
Mice (with adenosine deficiency) |
Kainic acid |
4-6 weeks |
No therapy |
↑ |
↓ Adenosine |
4040. Fedele DE, Gouder N, Güttinger M, Gabernet L, Scheurer L,
Rülicke T, et al. Astrogliosis in epilepsy leads to overexpression of
adenosine kinase, resulting in seizure aggravation. Brain. 2005;128(10):2383-95,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh555...
|
Mice (transgenic models) |
- |
3 weeks |
KD |
↓ |
↑ A1R |
4141. Masino SA, Li T, Theofilas P, Sandau US, Ruskin DN, Fredholm BB,
et al. A ketogenic diet suppresses seizures in mice through adenosine A1
receptors. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(7):2679-83,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI57813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI57813...
|
Mice (hippocampal slices) |
- |
3 weeks |
KD |
↓ |
↑ Number of mitochondria |
4343. Bough KJ, Wetherington J, Hassel B, Pare JF, Gawryluk JW, Greene
JG, et al. Mitochondrial biogenesis in the anticonvulsant mechanism of the
ketogenic diet. Ann Neurol. 2006;60(2):223-35,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.20899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.20899...
|
Mice (hippocampal mitochondria) |
- |
10-12 days |
KD |
Not rated |
↑ UCP levels and ↓ ROS |
4444. Sullivan PG, Rippy NA, Dorenbos K, Concepcion RC, Agarwal AK,
Rho JM. The ketogenic diet increases mitochondrial uncoupling protein levels and
activity. Ann Neurol. 2004;55(4):576-80,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.20062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.20062...
|
Rats (hippocampal mitochondria) |
- |
3 weeks |
KD |
Not rated |
↑GSH and ↓ mitochondrial
H2O2
|
4545. Jarrett SG, Milder JB, Liang LP, Patel M. The ketogenic diet
increases mitochondrial glutathione levels. J Neurochem.
2008;106(3):1044-51,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05460.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.20...
|