Abstract
This controlled study investigated metabolic changes in non-vaccinated individuals with Long-COVID-19, along with their connection to the severity of the disease. The study involved 88 patients who experienced varying levels of initial disease severity (mild, moderate, and severe), and a control group of 29 healthy individuals. Metabolic risk markers from fasting blood samples were analyzed, and data regarding disease severity indicators were collected. Findings indicated significant metabolic shifts in severe Long-COVID-19 cases, mainly a marked drop in HDL-C levels and a doubled increase in ferritin levels and insulin resistance compared to the mild cases and controls. HDL-C and ferritin were identified as the leading factors predicted by disease severity. In conclusion, the decline in HDL-C levels and rise in ferritin levels seen in Long-COVID-19 individuals, largely influenced by the severity of the initial infection, could potentially play a role in the persistence and progression of Long-COVID-19. Hence, these markers could be considered as possible therapeutic targets, and help shape preventive strategies to reduce the long-term impacts of the disease.
Keywords:
Long-COVID-19; HDL-cholesterol; Iron; Ferritin; Metabolic changes; Disease severity
Highlights
Low HDL-C and high ferritin are linked to increased Long-COVID-19 severity.
Changes in HDL-C levels, significantly impact Long-COVID-19 progression.
Ferritin may exacerbate disease progression by increasing oxidative stress.
HDL-C and ferritin levels may serve as markers and therapeutic targets for Long-COVID-19.