Spatio-temporal segregation: commuting time that unite and separate classes and races

Silva, Ricardo Barbosa da

doi:10.1590/2236-9996.2024-6008.e

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Dossier: urban mobility and equity • Cad. Metropole 26 (60) • May-Aug 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-9996.2024-6008.e copy

Spatio-temporal segregation: commuting time that unite and separate classes and races

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The intense growth of Brazilian cities is remarkable, characterized by peripheralization and socio-spatial inequalities. However, studies that focus on the temporal dimension to understand spatial segregation are still scarce. This paper aims to understand the role played by commuting time in explaining the process of spatial segregation in the São Paulo metropolis. Its methodology is based on statistical data obtained from the weighting areas of the Demographic Census sample, by means of the variable usual commuting time, combined with other socioeconomic variables of income and race. This research contributes to the understanding of spatio-temporal segregation and shows that commuting time unites the poorest and black individuals, separating them from the richest and white individuals in the São Paulo metropolis.

segregation; commuting time; inequality; race; São Paulo

	Totais	%
Sex
Male	9,433,605	47,9
Female	10,250,370	52,1
Race/color
Yellow	361,901	1.8
White	11,549,952	58.7
Indigenous	22,915	0.1
Black	7,740,258	39.3
Ignored	8,957	0.0
Level of instruction
Uneducated and Incomplete Elementary School	9,392,726	47.7
Elementary School	3,206,080	16.3
High School	4,651,596	23.6
Higher Education/University	2,237,804	11.4
Not determined	195,768	1.0
Average household income per capita (minimum wages.)
Up to 2	4,534,058	23.4
2 to 4	5,123,111	26.4
4 to 10	6,281,707	32.4
10 to 20	2,172,046	11.2
Over 20	1,279,168	6.6
Average commuting time to work
Up to 5 minutes	360,57	5.2
6 to 30 minutes	2,177,810	31.7
30 minutes to 1 hour	2,374,998	34.5
More than 1 to 2 hours	1,598,567	23.2
More than 2 hours	365,948	5.3

	Up to 30min	30 min to 1h	But from 1h
SPMR	2,538,465	2,374,991	1,964,513
(%)	37	35	29

Average household income per capita (minium wage)

Up to 2	274,166	254,564	252,523
(%)	35	33	32
2 to 10	1,595,754	1,560,703	1,363,767
(%)	35	35	30
More than 10	664,943	556,860	347,636
(%)	42	35	22
White population	1,573,645	1,393,078	1,048,696
(%)	39	35	26
Black population	903,623	932,428	887,374
(%)	33	34	33

	Up to 30min	30min to 1h	But from 1h
Up to 30min	–	0.16	0.31
30 min to 1h	0,16	–	0.21
But from 1h	0,31	0.21	–

	Up to 30min/ Up to 2mw	Up to 30min/2 to 10mw	Up to 30min/More than 10mw	30 min to 1h/ Up to 2mw	30 min to1h/2 a 10mw	30 min to 1h/More than 10mw	More than 1h/ Up to 2mw	More than 1h/2 to 10mw	But from 1h/More than 10mw
Up to 30min/ Up to 2mw	–	0.18	0.54	0.20	0.21	0.53	0.35	0.28	0.46
Up to 30min/2 to 10mw	0.18	–	0.41	0.28	0.17	0.40	0.43	0.31	0.34
Up to 30min/More than 10mw	0.54	0.41	–	0.60	0.48	0.16	0.70	0.59	0.26
30 min to 1h/Up to 2mw	0.20	0.28	0.60	–	0.19	0.57	0.26	0.22	0.49
30 min a 1h/2 a 10mw	0.21	0.17	0.48	0.19	–	0.44	0.34	0.22	0.36
30 min to 1h/More than 10mw	0.53	0.40	0.16	0.57	0.44	–	0.66	0.55	0.20
More than 1h/ Up to 2mw	0.35	0.43	0.70	0.26	0.34	0.66	–	0.18	0.58
More than 1h/2 to 10mw	0,28	0.31	0.59	0.22	0.22	0.55	0.18	–	0.45
More than 1h/More than 10mw	0.46	0.34	0.26	0.49	0.36	0.20	0.58	0.45	–

	Up to 30min/ Black	Up to 30min/ White	30 min to 1h/ Black	30 min to 1h/ White	More than 1h/ Black	More than 1h/ White
Up to 30min/Black	–	0.28	0.17	0.26	0.32	0.25
Up to 30min/White	0.28	–	0.37	0.15	0.50	0.29
30 min to 1h/Black	0.17	0.37	–	0.28	0.23	0.23
30 min to 1h/White	0.26	0.15	0.28	–	0.41	0.20
But from 1h/Black	0.32	0.50	0.23	0.41	–	0.26
But from 1h/White	0.25	0.29	0.23	0.20	0.26	–

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[1] Translation: this article was translated from Portuguese to English by Robert Frank Hanson, email: hanson.frank@gmail.com