Speech-language pathology assessment for tracheal decannulation in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury

ABSTRACT

Purpose

To describe the effect of Speech-Language Pathology (SLP) management on the tracheal decannulation process in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods

Prospective controlled clinical study. Two groups of patients with TBI confirmed by computed axial tomography were included in the study group (G1) and control group (G2) composed of 30 individuals each, with 25 (83.3%) male and 5 (16.7%) female individuals in both groups. Patients’ age ranged from 18 to 53 years old – mean age was 32 years. A SPL assessment tool was developed for tracheostomized patients with TBI, composed of investigation of awareness level, cognition and swallowing (annex 1) and conduct. G1 underwent the assessment proposed by the study, and G2 was assessed by retrospective analysis of medical records without SLP evaluation. In this population, the variables time with tracheostomy and total days of hospitalization were the measurement markers for the effect of SLP conduct with this instrument.

Results

It was verified that G1 presented mean reduction of 4.2 days with tracheostomy and of 4.4 days in length of hospital stay when compared to G2. However, these figures are not statistically significant (p = 0.2031).

Conclusion

The group that was evaluated and received the SLP conduct proposed in the instrument presented a reduction in the time of permanence with tracheostomy, as well as in hospital stay.

Keywords
Traumatic brain injury; Tracheostomy; Weaning; Dysphagia; Speech-language Therapy

RESUMO

Objetivo

Descrever o efeito da conduta fonoaudiológica no processo de decanulação traqueal em indivíduos com traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE).

Método

Estudo clínico transversal prospectivo controlado. Participaram deste estudo dois grupos de indivíduos com TCE confirmado por tomografia axial computadorizada, sendo o grupo de estudo (G1) e o grupo controle (G2) compostos por 30 indivíduos cada, com 25 (83,3%) indivíduos do gênero masculino e 5 (16,7%) do gênero feminino em cada grupo. A faixa etária variou de 18 a 53 anos, com média de 32 anos. Foi elaborado um instrumento de avaliação fonoaudiológica para indivíduos com TCE traqueostomizados composto por investigação do nível de consciência, cognição e deglutição (anexo 1) e conduta. O G1 recebeu a avaliação proposta pelo estudo e o G2, análise retrospectiva de prontuário sem avaliação fonoaudiológica. As variáveis, tempo de permanência com a traqueostomia e total de dias de internamento foram os marcadores de mensuração do efeito da conduta fonoaudiológica com esse instrumento nessa população.

Resultados

Verificou-se que o G1 obteve uma redução média de 4,2 dias de permanência com a traqueostomia e de 4,4 dias no tempo de internamento hospitalar quando comparado com G2, porém sem significância estatística (p = 0,2031).

Conclusão

O grupo que foi avaliado e recebeu a conduta fonoaudiológica proposta no instrumento obteve diminuição do tempo de permanência com a traqueostomia bem como redução do tempo de internamento hospitalar.

Descritores
Traumatismo Cranioencefálico; Traqueostomia; Desmame; Disfagia; Fonoaudiologia

INTRODUCTION

According to the National Head Injury Foundation, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an aggression to the brain caused by external physical force that may lead to a reduced state of consciousness and results in the impairment of cognitive skills or physical ability, and may be classified, according to the Glasgow score coma scale, as mild (13-15), moderate (9-12) and severe (3-8)⁽¹⁾.

The main causes of TBI are car accidents, but it can be caused by falls, aggressions, white weapon or gunfire bullets. The patient's prognosis depends on anatomoclinical and evolutionary aspects of trauma, among which we highlight the extent of the injury, the initial score on the scale of Glasgow, the response to treatment, the presence of global or focal lesions, associated injuries, age, comorbidities and time of clinical and surgical interventions^(1,2).

People affected by TBI may present temporary or permanent disabilities. The main consequence is brain damage due to edema or bleeding due to trauma, which results in increased intracranial pressure, causing diverse sequelae which severity depends on the affected area⁽³⁾.

Dysphagia is among the observed sequelae in trauma patients. Besides the concern with nutrition, the importance of dysphagia focuses on the prevention of tracheal aspiration. It has been pointed that between 40% and 60% of cases with TBI has dysphagia. Intubation and tracheostomy can also be associated, which are procedures needed and common in severe TBI⁽⁴⁾.

In addition to the concern of nutritional support adequate to the person with TBI, it is essential that the interdisciplinary team carefully evaluate the most appropriate nutrition in each case. When the individual presents with dysphagia as one of the TBI sequelae, the early oral food intake permission may lead to clinical complications that can compromise the nutritional and pulmonar clinical setting. The dysphagia diagnosis may be defined by clinical and objective assessment, such as swallowing videofluoroscopy and functional nasolaringofibroscopy. The rehabilitation of people with dysphagia aims to allow efficient and safe oral intake, contributing to the nutritional state stabilization and to eliminate the risks of clinical complications due to laryngotracheal aspiration⁽⁵⁾.

The results depend on variables as consciousness level, patient age, possibility of clinical complications, use of tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation^(6,7).

Tracheostomy, in turn, is indicated when there is obstruction of the upper airways when the patient needs prolonged mechanical ventilation and/or have difficulty weaning, for excessive tracheobronchial secretions and the patient needs continuous airway protection against tracheal aspiration⁽⁸⁾.

Dysphagia has close relationship with the tracheostomy, not only because this procedure is indicated for patients with swallowing problems and tracheal aspiration, but also because the very tracheostomy may cause aspiration because it interferes directly in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing⁽⁹⁾.

Approximately 10% of critically ill patients are submitted to tracheostomy and ventilatory support and facilitating the passage of air in the airways, allowing a better quality of life for patients and minimizing possible injuries from prolonged mechanical ventilation. However, the frequency of tracheostomy in patients affected by TBI contrasts with the lack of criteria for tracheal decannulation⁽¹⁰⁾.

It is observed that it is common to follow specific rules tracheostomy indication, but there is still no decisive rules for decannulation process. In most hospitals, an interdisciplinary team is responsible for this process and the interaction between health professionals can speed up the removal of the tracheal tube, making it safer for the patient, with less risk of failure and complications.

The tracheostomy decannulation is considered as the moment when the cuff begins to deflate, through the plastic cannula to the metal, until the removal of the tracheostomy cannula and the stoma occlusive curative. The decision of when to start decannulation tracheostomy should result from teamwork, emphasizing that predictors of failure need to be absent, such as sedation, mechanical ventilation, respiratory failure, presence of airway obstruction by edema, tumor or other causes, previous surgery of the head and neck, vocal fold paralysis and glottis stenosis or subglottic that must be remedied and the upper airway, restored to the proper passage of air flow. The management of tracheal decannulation varies in each institution, some consider it feasible if the patient keeps the cannula tracheostomy occluded for 48 hours or more, while others consider it as a line valve is tolerated⁽¹¹⁾.

Thus, an early integrated approach is necessary, with the participation of the SLP in order to optimize the patient's general condition, favoring rehabilitation and reduction in hospitalization time⁽¹²⁾. Several studies in the last decade^{(8,10,11,13-18)} point out to the need of objective protocols for tracheal decannulation.

A study performed with tracheostomy patients with TBI showed six criteria for tracheal decannulation. Among the language pathology criteria are: level of consciousness with a score on the Glasgow coma scale greater than 8, present condition to maintain the cuff deflated and cannula occluded, keeping a respiratory pattern, absence of orotracheal discharge or in minimum amount, with fluid aspect, phonation with no clinical signs of “wet” voice, swallowing with no clinical signs of tracheal aspiration and presence of efficient voluntary cough. The authors correlated the six criteria with decannulation and, following the data analysis, observed that all criteria were significant when deciding for the decannulation. This led to the creation of the Speech-Language Pathology Protocol for Tracheal Decannulation (SPTD) of patients suffering from TBI⁽¹⁹⁾.

This study aimed to describe the effect of the SLP assessment in the tracheal decannulation process in two groups of people with tracheostomy and traumatic brain injury (TBI).

METHODS

It is a cross-sectional and comparative study. The sample was composed of the study group (G1) with 30 patients admitted from January to December 2012, affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI), confirmed by computed tomography (CT), being 25 (83.3%) male and 5 (16.7%) were female. The age of the patients varied from 18 to 53 years, average of 32,4 years and standard deviation of 10,8 years. The degree of TBI was evaluated by the medical team and entered in the patient record.

Medical records of 30 patients who constituted the control group (G2), hospitalized in the period from January to December 2011, affected by TBI, confirmed by CT, were also analyzed, being 25 (83.3%) male and 5 (16.7%) female. The age of the patients varied from 19 to 52 years, average of 32.1 years and standard deviation of 11,0 years. The degree of TBI was in the medical record.

The study was conducted in Hospital do Trabalhador do Paraná in the city of Curitiba, in the department of Neurology, including patients admitted to hospital or units of intensive or semi-intensive therapy, and evaluated upon request and/or released by the treating physician. The analysis of the medical records was performed in the hospital archives.

The study was conducted in two stages: the first stage consisted of clinical assessment, according to the data of the SLP Tool for Tracheal Decannulation (STTD) (Annex 1).

The SLP assessment was performed when requested and/or released by the physician responsible. The average time between the tracheostomy and the SLP assessment for tracheal decannulation was 15.6 days, with two days the minimum time and 38.0 days, the maximum time.

The assessment consisted in the application of STTD from the analysis of the patient's identification data, considering the variables: age, gender, diagnosis, anatomical site of the lesion and the degree of the TBI, and observing the following six tracheal decannulation criteria:

• 1 - Level of consciousness: Assessed with the Glasgow coma scale⁽²⁰⁾. The measurement was made by the medical team and, at the time of language pathology assessment, the most current score was observed in the patient's medical records. The level of consciousness was considered insufficient for airway protection and therefore for the decannulation when the score was equal or less than 8 points⁽¹⁰⁾.

• 2 - Breathing: The cannula material was observed - plastic or metal. Regarding the cuff, if inflated or deflated and, from this, if the patient was able to keep it deflated. In case of negative, the decannulation was not indicated, regardless the other criteria. In affirmative cases, it was observed if the patient was able to keep a respiratory pattern in the cannula occlusion, what was essential to initiate the decannulation process. The maintenance of the breathing pattern was considered when the patient was able to maintain oxygen saturation levels in the blood (SpO₂) above 90%⁽²¹⁾. The oxygen saturation in the blood was measured by pulse oximetry and monitored throughout the assessment by the speech therapist.

• 3 - Orotracheal discharge: In the presence of orotracheal discharge, the volume, appearance and color were observed. There are no objectives methods of measurement and discharge classification in the literature and, therefore, it was classified subjectively by the speech therapist in little or a lot and qualified as thick or fluid and clear or yellowish. It is considered that for a secure decannulation, the discharge must have acceptable bulk and appearance - small amount and fluid discharge. The color (clear or yellowish) may indicate absence or improvement of infection⁽²²⁾. Patients with high volume discharge are more likely to have penetration and tracheal aspiration and decannulation failure can be attributed to excessive discharge⁽¹³⁾.

• 4 - Phonation: We first observed if the patient was responsive or not. If yes, we evaluated the presence of “wet” voice quality using the emission of the sustained vowel /e/. If “wet” voice was observed, we observed if the patient was able to spontaneously clear the throat with no risk of tracheal aspiration, and evaluated the other criteria to define the possibility of decannulation, as this feature is frequently associated to increased aspiration risk⁽²³⁾.

• 5 - Swallowing: During the clinical swallowing assessment, the patient remained in the sitting position and occluded tracheotomy, staying at your disposal tools such as cup, tablespoon, plastic syringe and straw. Consistencies used for the clinical swallowing assessment followed the pattern of the American Dietetic Association and we used instant food thickener of the brand Thick & Easy (Hormel Health Labs, Swiss): liquid: water; pudding: 200 ml of water thickened with 15 g of thickener Thick&Easy⁽²⁴⁾.

The inorganic dye blue aniline was added to both consistencies to contrast with the pink color of the mucosa. Three sequences of swallowing were included in the assessment, 5 ml, 10 ml and free sip of each food consistency. A minimum of three swallowing samples for each food consistency was collected. An interval of 3 minutes at a consistency and subsequent was obeyed. The assessment was discontinued if the patient experiences nausea, vomiting or clinical instability. After the assessment were noted clinical signs of aspiration - cough reflex, dyspnea or “wet” voice⁽²⁵⁾. In the presence of any of these clinical signs of tracheal aspiration if hearkened-for other criteria to suggest decannulation.

• 6 - Cough: the presence of voluntary cough was observed following the speech therapist request and verified, whether it was effective or ineffective. The same was found to be effective regarding the ability of the patient to expel air from the material during the food supply if necessary. The decannulation was indicated if the assessment associated to other criteria was effective. Voluntary cough refers to cough produced under control and is not related to tracheal aspiration. Its presence alone is not synonymous of airway clearing, but can identify expectoration ability⁽⁶⁾.

The criteria level of consciousness and breathing were considered decisive for the beginning of decannulation process. It was necessary that the patient has to score on the scale Glasgow coma greater than 8, present condition of keeping the cuff deflated and, in case of occlusion of the cannula, keep a breathing pattern. Other criteria, endotracheal discharge, phonation, swallowing and cough alone did not determine the outcome of the assessment, but were considered concurrently and dependent on the overall clinical status of each patient.

After application of STTD it was suggested to medical staff if the patient had a condition or not to begin the decannulation process. From that moment, the speech therapist responsible for the service performed the follow-up. If the doctor responsible agreed with the conduct, the process of deflating the cuff was initiated, observing the clinical stability of the patient and indicating the change of plastic to metal cannula. The occlusion training was performed with the metal cannula for 48 h, if the patient kept the respiratory pattern. After this period, considering the general state of the patient, the doctor opted to withdrawal the tracheostomy cannula and perform the stoma occluding curative.

With the tracheal stoma occluded, the speech therapist checked the time spent with the tracheostomy and when discharged from the hospital, the total time of hospitalization of the patient.

The second stage is the analysis of medical records of patients who did not receive language pathology assessment. This stage of the study was carried out through the analysis of medical records of patients who underwent tracheotomy and affected by TBI admitted in 2011 and who did not have language pathology assessment during that period, due to no such service at the time.

With access to medical records, the patient identification data were analyzed, considering the variables: age, gender, diagnosis, anatomical site of the lesion and the degree of the TBI, it was also verified the time spent with the tracheostomy and the total time of hospitalization of the patient.

For the statistical analysis we used descriptive statistics and inferential methods (Student's t test, Fisher's exact test and Pearson correlation). The significance level for all tests was 0.05 (5%).

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of Hospital do Trabalhador do Paraná (HT) and approved under protocol n. 213.216. The study group individuals or their legal guardians signed the Informed Consent Form. There was IC signature waiver for individuals in the G2 because as it was a medical records procedure.

RESULTS

All subjects in this study were diagnosed with severe degree of TBI, and characterized by anatomical region and hemisphere lesion. Regarding the anatomical area of the injury, it is observed higher prevalence in the frontotemporoparietal region for the G2 and frontal and temporal region in the G1.

In this study, both the G1 and the G2 had a mean age of approximately 32.1 years, also pointing to a higher prevalence (83.3%) in males. The study also indicated that increasing age increases the length of hospitalization and with tracheostomy. There was no statistical correlation regarding the gender, length of time with the tracheostomy and length of hospitalization.

Patients in the G1 underwent STTD and all had a successful decannulation. Thus, compared to the time spent with the tracheostomy and the total time of hospitalization between the G2 and G1.

Regarding the total number of days spent with the tracheotomy, the G2 had a mean of 23.4 days while the G1, only 19.2 days. These results show that there was a comparative reduction of 4.2 days in the average length of time with tracheostomy in the G1 patients who had SLP assessment compared to the G2 (Table 1).

Table 1
Descriptive statistics of total days with tracheostomy in G1 (n = 30) and G2 (n = 30)

GROUP	AVERAGE	MINIMUM	MAXIMUM	STANDARD DEVIATION
Control	23.4	12	64	12.5
Study	19.2	5	42	10.3

• Source: author

Regarding the total days of hospitalization, the G2, that had no SLP assessment in tracheal decannulation process, averaged 33.1 days, while in the G1 the total was 28.7 days, i.e., a reduction of 4.4 days in the total average, statistically not significant, p = 0.2031 (Table 2).

Table 2
Descriptive statistics of total days of hospitalization in G1 (n = 30) and G2 (n = 30)

GROUP	AVERAGE	MINIMUM	MAXIMUM	STANDARD DEVIATION
Control	33.1	17	85	15.3
Study	28.7	11	51	10.8

• Source: author

DISCUSSION

The findings regarding the anatomical region of the lesion agree with other study that emphasizes higher prevalence of brain injury in frontal and temporal regions⁽²⁶⁾. Regarding the cerebral hemisphere lesion we found no correlation in other studies.

With reference to age this research G1 average age resulted in 32.1 years, consistent with other study⁽³⁾. Regarding the gender, we concluded predominance of TBI in men (83.3%), which agrees with other studies^(3,26).

Even on age, the study indicates that increasing age increases the length of stay and stay with the tracheostomy, which corroborates findings of another study⁽²⁷⁾.

However, there was no statistical correlation regarding the gender, length of time with the tracheostomy and length of hospitalization, which also corroborates findings of another study⁽¹⁵⁾.

Regarding the comparative reduction in average length of stay with tracheostomy, this study goes against a study conducted in a hospital in Switzerland, which evaluated patients with and without dysphagia tracheostomy multidisciplinary approach to tracheal decannulation. Patients were divided into two groups, one received this approach and the other was assessed retrospectively by the data in the chart, responding to the clinical protocol. The group of patients who received the multidisciplinary approach has significantly reduced the average length of stay with tracheostomy for 28 days, compared to the group without the approach, with an average of 33 days⁽¹⁴⁾.

And regarding the reduction of days of hospitalization, although it was not statistically significant, it is cost wise important implications, especially for the growing number of patients with TBI.

Although accidents and violence reached almost epidemic proportions in Brazil, from the point of view of mortality and morbidity, they are still incipient efforts to try to estimate the economic impact of traumatic brain injury in the country. From an economic point of view, the costs produced by any health problems can be classified into direct and indirect costs. Direct costs relate to hospital costs and indirect refer to lost productivity brought by health problems, such as loss of working days or even lower productivity generated by physical limitations. Trauma is responsible for the production loss of more years of life than heart disease and cancer combined⁽²⁸⁾.

From the perception and analysis of the economic impact on the budget of public health, it is necessary a change of attitude in the treatment of TBI individuals tracheostomy. It is crucial that a specialized multidisciplinary team is responsible for the tracheostomy decannulation process.

A Canadian study reported that with the establishment of a team specialized in tracheostomy caring for patients suffering from head trauma, there was a reduction in time and also in the incidence of complications, which corroborates other studies, as a survey conducted in the St. Mary's Hospital, in London, in which after the implementation of a multidisciplinary service there was a reduction in the time spent with the tracheostomy from 34 to 24 days^(29,30).

With the same purpose, researchers have studied the tracheostomy patients from St. Vincent's Hospital, Australia, for three years and observed that the average length of hospitalization was reduced from 42 to 34.5 days and also a significant reduction in decannulation time during these years⁽¹⁷⁾.

Still in Australia, in another hospital, a research found that the average hospital stay fell from 60 to 41.5 days and the average length of stay with the tracheostomy was reduced from 22.5 to 16.5 days⁽²⁷⁾.

The literature review shows that in the past decade more studies began to emerge on this subject, from the difficulties encountered in each institution, aiming at an improvement in the service and that defined decannulation protocols are being sought to minimize risks and optimize benefits to the patient.

However, in Brazil they are still incipient studies covering and define criteria for tracheal decannulation to be followed. This research concludes that the SLP clinical assessment is crucial for tracheal decannulation, which will reduce the time spent with the tracheostomy, accelerating decannulation and thus reducing time and cost of hospital stays for patients suffering from TBI. Thus, further researches are necessary with other populations, in order to validate the tool and its applicability.

CONCLUSION

The group that received the SLP assessment proposed in the tool showed reduced the permanence time with tracheostomy as well as the hospitalization length.

Annex 1. SPEECH THERAPY TOOL FOR TRACHEAL DECANNULATION IN TBI.

PATIENT IDENTIFICATION:

Name: ______________________________________________________________

Age: ______ BD: ___________ Record: _____________Gender: () M () F

Diagnosis: _________________________________________________________

Injured anatomical region: _____________________________________________

Degree of traumatic brain injury: ____________________________________

1. CONSCIOUSNESS LEVEL

Glasgow: 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 NA

2. BREATH

Cannula type: () plastic () metal () no cuff () with cuff

() inflated () deflated

Maintenance condition cuff deflated: () Yes () No

Tracheostomy closure, with cuff deflated:

() Keep respiratory pattern () Doesn't keep respiratory pattern

3. ENDOTRACHEAL DISCHARGE

Endotracheal region with discharge: () present () absent

Volume: () small () large

Aspect: () thick () fluid

Color: () light () sallow

4. PHONATION

Patient orally responsive: () No () Yes

Wet voice: () Yes () No

5. SWALLOWING

CONSISTENCY AND SWALLOWING CLINICAL FINDINGS:

CONSISTENCY/FINDINGS	LIQUID									PUDDING
Volume	5 ml			10 ml			FS			5 ml			10 ml			FS
Signs of aspiration
PRESENT?
Cough reflex
Dyspnea
“Wet” voice

Caption: FS: free sip

6. COUGH

Voluntary cough: () No () Yes () efficient () inefficient

Patient eligible to start the process of decannulation: () YES () NO

• Study carried out at Hospital do Trabalhador – HT – Curitiba (PR), Brazil.
• Financial support: nothing to declare.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Dec 2016

History

• Received
  26 Aug 2014
• Accepted
  01 Sept 2014