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E-READING II: words database for reading by students from Basic Education II This work is part of the doctoral thesis, in progress, titled “Translation and cultural adaptation of the evaluation of the reading processes (PROLEC-SE R) for students in Basic Education cycle II and Senior High School”, by Adriana Marques de Oliveira, under the supervision of Professor Dr. Simone Aparecida Capellini, of the Postgraduate Program in Education, of the Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências of the Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – FFC/Unesp/ Marília – SP, Brazil. This work was presented in the form of a simple abstract and was expanded at the XXIII Brazilian Congress and IX International Congress in Speech Therapy: Interdisciplinarity in Speech Therapy, Salvador, State of Bahia, 2015.

ABSTRACT

Purpose

To develop a database of words of high, medium and low frequency in reading for Basic Education II.

Methods

The words were taken from the teaching material for Portuguese Language, used by the teaching network of the State of São Paulo in the 6th to the 9th year of Basic Education. Only nouns were selected. The frequency with which each word occurred was recorded and a single database was created. In order to classify the words as of high, medium and low frequency, the decision was taken to work with the distribution terciles, mean frequency and the cutoff point of the terciles. In order to ascertain whether the words of high, medium and low frequency corresponded to this classification, 224 students were assessed: G1 (6th year, n= 61); G2 (7th year, n= 44); G3 (8th year, n= 65); and G4 (9th year, n= 54). The lists of words were presented to the students for reading out loud, in two sessions: 1st) words of high and medium frequency and 2nd) words of low-frequency.

Results

Words which encompassed the exclusion criteria, or which caused discomfort or joking on the part of the students, were excluded. The word database was made up of 1659 words and was titled ‘E – LEITURA II’ (‘E-READING II’, in English).

Conclusion

The E-LEITURA II database is a useful resource for the professionals, as it provides a database which can be used for research, educational and clinical purposes among students of Basic Education II. The professional can choose the words according to her objectives and criteria for elaborating evaluation or intervention procedures involving reading.

Keywords:
Reading; Assessment; Education, Primary Schools. Secondary Schools; Learning; Educational Status

RESUMO

Objetivo

Elaborar banco de palavras de alta, média e baixa frequência em leitura para o Ensino Fundamental II.

Método

As palavras foram retiradas do material didático de Língua Portuguesa, utilizado pela rede de ensino do Estado de São Paulo do 6º ao 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental. Selecionaram-se apenas os substantivos. Foi registrada a frequência de ocorrência de cada palavra e elaborado um banco único. Para classificá-las como alta, média e baixa frequência, optou-se por trabalhar com os tercis da distribuição, frequência média e ponto de corte dos tercis. Para verificar se as palavras de alta, média e baixa frequência correspondem a essa classificação, foram avaliados 224 alunos: G1 (6º ano, n= 61); G2 (7º ano, n= 44); G3 (8º ano, n= 65); e G4 (9º ano, n= 54). As listas de palavras foram apresentadas aos escolares, para leitura, em voz alta, em duas sessões: 1ª) palavras de alta e média frequência e 2ª) palavras de baixa frequência.

Resultados

Foram excluídas palavras que contemplavam os critérios de exclusão e que geravam desconforto ou piadas por parte dos alunos. O banco de palavras ficou constituído por 1659 palavras e foi denominado E – LEITURA II.

Conclusão

O E-LEITURA II é um recurso útil para os profissionais, pois disponibiliza um banco de palavras que poderá ser utilizado para fins de pesquisa, educacionais e clínicos em escolares do Ensino Fundamental II. O profissional poderá escolher as palavras de acordo com seus objetivos e critérios para elaborar procedimentos de avaliação e intervenção com leitura.

Descritores:
Leitura; Avaliação; Ensino Fundamental; Aprendizagem; Escolaridade

INTRODUCTION

Reading, in the Brazilian and international scientific literature, is presented as one of the skills which is valued and required by society most. Its importance is emphasized in the individual’s school, social and cultural life. It is understood as the students’ principle tool for learning new concepts and is one of schools’ biggest challenges(11 Oakhill JV, Cain K. The precursors of reading ability in young readers: Evidence from a four-year longitudinal study. Sci Stud Read. 2012;16(2):91-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2010.529219.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2010....

2 Morais J. Criar leitores: para professores e educadores. Barueri: Minha Editora; 2013.

3 Bandini CSM, Bandini HHM, Sella AC, Souza DG. Emergence of reading and writing in illiterate adults after matching-to-sample tasks. Paidéia. 2014;14(57):75-84.
-44 Norton ES, Black JM, Stanley LM, Tanaka H, Gabrieli JD, Sawyer C, et al. Functional neuroanatomical evidence for the double-deficit hypothesis of developmental dyslexia. Neuropsychologia. 2014;61:235-46. PMid:24953957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychol...
).

In the beginning of Basic Education I, the main objective is to teach the student to read. In later years, reading is shown to be necessary in order to learn the proposed contents, and becomes important in all ambits of this individual’s life.

Difficulties in reading hinder the development of basic skills for mastery of the language, such as increasing vocabulary and gaining knowledge of words and writing, which will have repercussions in the development of later learning(55 Lonigan C, Anthony J, Phillips B, Purpura D, Wilson S, McQueen J. The nature of preschool phonological processing abilities and their relations to vocabulary, general cognitive abilities, and print knowledge. J Educ Psychol. 2009;101(2):345-58. PMid:22180662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013837.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013837...

6 Sen S. The relationship between the use of metacognitive strategies and reading comprehension. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2009;1(1):2301-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.404.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2009....

7 Johnson TE, Archibald TN, Tenenbaum G. Individual and team annotation effects on students’ reading comprehension critical thinking, and meta-cognitive skills. Computers in human behavior. Comput Human Behav. 2010;26(6):1496-507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.05....

8 Perin D. Literacy skills among academically underprepared students. Community Coll Rev. 2013;41(2):118-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091552113484057.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00915521134840...

9 Protopapas A, Mouzaki A, Sideridis GD, Kotsolakou A, Simos PG. The role of vocabulary in the context of the simple view of reading. Read Writ Q. 2013;29(2):168-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2013.758569.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2013....

10 Foorman BR, Herrera S, Petscher Y, Mitchell A, Truckenmiller A. The structure of oral language and reading and their relation to comprehension in kindergarten through Grade 2. Read Writ. 2015;28(5):655-81. PMid:27660395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11145-015-9544-5.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11145-015-954...

11 Braze D, Katz L, Magnuson JS, Mencl WW, Tabor W, Van Dyke JA, et al. Vocabulary does not complicate the simple view of Reading. Read Writ. 2016;29(3):435-51. PMid:26941478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11145-015-9608-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11145-015-960...
-1212 Segers E, Verhoeven L. How logical reasoning mediates the relation between lexical quality and reading comprehension. Read Writ. 2016;29(4):577-90. PMid:27073293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11145-015-9613-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11145-015-961...
).

The reading of words may be explained based on the Dual Route model(1313 Coltheart M. Cognitive neuropsychology and the study of reading. In: Posner M, Marin G. Attention and performance XL. Hillsdale: LEA; 1985.,1414 Coltheart M, Rastle K, Perry C, Langdon R, Ziegler J. DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. Psychol Rev. 2001;108(1):204-56. PMid:11212628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.1.204.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108....
), the result of a process which involves phonological mediation (phonological route) or direct visual process (lexical route).

Reading by the phonological route begins with the identification of the letters in the visual analysis system, in which a code of letters is formed, which is translated by the grapheme-phoneme conversion process in chains of phonemes. In Portuguese, as it lacks an unambiguous correspondence between the letters and the phonemes, the conversion of the letters into a sequence of graphemes is a prerequisite for the process of grapheme-phoneme correspondence and for the learning of reading(1515 Pinheiro AMV. Leitura e escrita: uma abordagem cognitiva. 2. ed. Campinas: Livro Pleno; 2006.).

In reading undertaken through the lexical route, the reader, faced with a written word, identifies the letters which make it up (visual analysis system), the information received then being transformed into a code of letters. This code is sent to the visual input lexicon, in which the corresponding visual recognition unit will be activated, resulting in the identification of a word which, in its turn, activates its meaning, filed in the semantic system – thus forming a semantic code which is responsible for activating the speech production unit, filed in the phonemic output lexicon(1515 Pinheiro AMV. Leitura e escrita: uma abordagem cognitiva. 2. ed. Campinas: Livro Pleno; 2006.).

The only requirement in order to read using the visual route is to have seen the word for enough time to form an internal representation of it. This form is considered to be similar to what happens when we identify a picture, a number, or a signature. In the phonological route, the main requirement is to learn to use the grapheme-phoneme conversion rules(1616 Capellini SA, Oliveira AM, Cuetos F. PROLEC: provas de avaliação dos processos de leitura. 3. ed. São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo; 2014.).

The rapid and accurate identification of the words (automatic recognition) is essential and crucial for reading comprehension. The decodification is the first step to automatic reading and has been shown to be associated with performance of the understanding of the text. Thus, poor comprehension in reading may be the result of a general problem of understanding, or of insufficient skill in identifying the written words(11 Oakhill JV, Cain K. The precursors of reading ability in young readers: Evidence from a four-year longitudinal study. Sci Stud Read. 2012;16(2):91-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2010.529219.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2010....
,22 Morais J. Criar leitores: para professores e educadores. Barueri: Minha Editora; 2013.,99 Protopapas A, Mouzaki A, Sideridis GD, Kotsolakou A, Simos PG. The role of vocabulary in the context of the simple view of reading. Read Writ Q. 2013;29(2):168-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2013.758569.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2013....
,1111 Braze D, Katz L, Magnuson JS, Mencl WW, Tabor W, Van Dyke JA, et al. Vocabulary does not complicate the simple view of Reading. Read Writ. 2016;29(3):435-51. PMid:26941478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11145-015-9608-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11145-015-960...
,1717 Kruk RS, Bergman K. The reciprocal relations between morphological processes and reading. J Exp Child Psychol. 2013;114(1):10-34. PMid:23123144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.09.014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.09...

18 Olson RK, Keenan JM, Byrne B, Samuelsson S. Why do children differ in their development of reading and related skills? Sci Stud Read. 2014;18(1):38-54. PMid:25104901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2013.800521.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2013....
-1919 Nicolau CC, Navas ALGP. Avaliação das habilidades preditoras do sucesso de leitura em crianças de 1º e 2º anos do ensino fundamental. Rev Cefac. 2015;17(3):917-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-021620157214.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-021620157...
).

The assessment of the use of the phonological and lexical routes is undertaken through the task of reading isolated words and pseudowords out loud; in this way, it is possible to assess which route is used most by the reader(66 Sen S. The relationship between the use of metacognitive strategies and reading comprehension. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2009;1(1):2301-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.404.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2009....
,77 Johnson TE, Archibald TN, Tenenbaum G. Individual and team annotation effects on students’ reading comprehension critical thinking, and meta-cognitive skills. Computers in human behavior. Comput Human Behav. 2010;26(6):1496-507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.05....
,1313 Coltheart M. Cognitive neuropsychology and the study of reading. In: Posner M, Marin G. Attention and performance XL. Hillsdale: LEA; 1985.,1414 Coltheart M, Rastle K, Perry C, Langdon R, Ziegler J. DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. Psychol Rev. 2001;108(1):204-56. PMid:11212628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.1.204.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108....
). This task is recognized in various alphabetical languages as an efficacious method for assessing reading, and has been widely studied due to its importance in the beginning of learning(2020 Lúcio OS, Pinheiro AMA, Nascimento E. O impacto da mudança no critério de acerto na distribuição dos escores do subteste de leitura do teste de desempenho escolar. Psicol Estud. 2009;14(3):593-601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-73722009000300021.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-73722009...

21 Pinheiro AMV. Heterogeneidade entre leitores julgados competentes pelas professoras. Psicol Reflex Crit. 2001;14(3):537-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722001000300009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722001...

22 Pinheiro AMV, Rothe-Neves R. Avaliação cognitiva da leitura: as tarefas de leitura em voz alta e ditado. Psicol Reflex Crit. 2001;14(2):399-408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722001000200014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722001...

23 Lúcio OS, Pinheiro AMV. Vinte anos de estudo sobre o reconhecimento de palavras em crianças falantes do português: uma revisão de literatura. Psicol Reflex Crit. 2011;24(1):170-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722011000100020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722011...

24 Graves WW, Binder JR, Desai RH, Humphries C, Stengel BC, Seidenberg MS. Anatomy is strategy: Skilled reading differences associated with structural connectivity differences in the reading network. Brain Lang. 2014;133:1-13. PMid:24735993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2014.03.005.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2014.0...
-2525 MacGregor LJ, Shtyrov Y. Multiple routes for compound words processing in the brain: Evidence from EEG. Brain Lang. 2013;126(2):217-29. PMid:23800711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2013.04.002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2013.0...
).

In Brazil, there are publications of lists of real words and pseudowords, for students in Basic Education, such as that of the study undertaken by Pinheiro(1515 Pinheiro AMV. Leitura e escrita: uma abordagem cognitiva. 2. ed. Campinas: Livro Pleno; 2006.,2626 Pinheiro AMV. Avaliação cognitiva das capacidades de leitura e de escrita de crianças nas séries iniciais do ensino fundamental – AVACLE: Relatório Final Global e Integrado de atividades desenvolvidas. Belo Horizonte: Departamento de Psicologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; 2003. Relatório CNPq, processo 52089/93-0.), which is much used by researchers and clinicians for assessing reading and writing, with words of high and low frequency, divided into regular, irregular and rule, varying in length for students in the first years of Basic Education. Brazilian researchers(2727 Salles JF, Parente MAPP. Relação entre os processos cognitivos envolvidos na leitura de palavras e as habilidades de consciência fonológica em escolares. Pro Fono. 2002;14(2):175-86.) have elaborated a list of words and pseudowords, entitled “Assessment of reading of words in isolation”, which evaluates the oral reading of words and pseudowords which vary in regularity, lexicality, extension and frequency, for students of the old 2nd and 3rd grades.

Procedures for evaluating reading, such as the PROLEC (Evaluation of Reading Processes)(1616 Capellini SA, Oliveira AM, Cuetos F. PROLEC: provas de avaliação dos processos de leitura. 3. ed. São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo; 2014.), which use lists of real words of differing syllabic complexities, frequency (high and low) and lengths, deriving from the list compiled by Pinheiro(2626 Pinheiro AMV. Avaliação cognitiva das capacidades de leitura e de escrita de crianças nas séries iniciais do ensino fundamental – AVACLE: Relatório Final Global e Integrado de atividades desenvolvidas. Belo Horizonte: Departamento de Psicologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; 2003. Relatório CNPq, processo 52089/93-0.), and pseudowords of differing syllabic complexities, respecting the syllabic patterns of regularity and length, for students of Basic Education I, are used for the evaluation of the lexical and phonological routes. In the evaluation of writing, the Pró-Ortografia (Spelling Evaluation Protocol)(2828 Batista AO, Cervera-Mérida JF, Ygual-Fernández A, Capellini SA. Pró-Ortografia: protocolo de avaliação da ortografia para escolares do segundo ao quinto ano do ensino fundamental. Barueri: Pró-Fono Editora; 2014.) uses, for assessing dictating, real words with regular, rule and irregular syllabic patterns, varying in length, and pseudowords with regular and rule syllabic patterns, also for students in the Basic Education cycle I.

It is necessary to assess students who are in the second cycle of Basic Education, in order to ascertain the automatization of the recognition of words, which is a requirement for understanding a text. This study is justified, given that – although various professionals use the lists of words and pseudowords for assessing the phonological and lexical routes, in Brazil, there is as yet no scientific dissemination of databases of words so that the professional may elaborate her own list, whether for assessing reading isolated words out loud, or for developing speech therapy and educational intervention procedures, depending on her criteria.

In the light of the above, this study aimed to develop a database of words of high, medium and low frequency, termed the E-LEITURA II (‘E-READING II’, in English) to serve as linguistic encouragement for evaluation and intervention procedures in reading among students of Basic Education II.

METHODS

This is applied research, aiming for the development of a database of words for reading by the students of Basic Education II, termed the E-LEITURA II. Applied research aims to generate knowledge for practical application, with a view to solving already-identified problems. The undertaking of this material is part of a doctoral thesis, currently in its final stage, termed “Translation and cultural adaptation of the evaluation of the processes of reading (PROLEC-SE R) for students of Basic Education cycle II and of Senior High School Education”, of the Postgraduate Program in Education, of the Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências, of the Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – FFC/UNESP/Marília (SP), approved by the institution’s Ethics Committee under Opinion N. 1,125,746.

For the development of the E-LEITURA II, use was made of the teaching material of the state teaching network of São Paulo, from the 6th to the 9th year of Basic Education - Cycle II, of the four bimesters of 2013.

The student’s notebook is part of the actions called for in the “São Paulo Faz Escola” program. The content was developed by specialists in Education, based on the Official Curriculum of the State of São Paulo. This material serves as support for the curriculum proposed by the Education Department of the State of São Paulo.

Each school bimester, a kit of books is distributed, by school year, with the notebooks of the respective subjects (mathematics, Portuguese language, history, English language, geography, sciences, art and physical education). The material selected for this work was the notebook for Portuguese Language – Languages (Table 1), made up of 16 books (four per school year).

Table 1
Presentation of the material used for extracting the words for the Words Database

All the words from the text which form part of the teaching materials were typed into a single column in an Excel spreadsheet. After typing, only the nouns were selected, due to being a frequent class in any text, and given that nouns exercise important syntactic functions in the sentence. As it is the nucleus of the nominal syntagma, the decision was made to remain with only this class of words in this database.

All the homophone words, and those which might be understood as ambiguous, depending on the context, and which could be classified differently, were removed; for example, the Portuguese word “andar”, (walk, gait) which can be placed in the class of nouns, as in ‘the boy’s gait’, can also be placed in the class of verbs, as in ‘the boy walks to school’.

The noun words which can take on the role of adjectives, although as metaphors, were kept, as in the example of the word “cat”, which can be placed in the class of nouns, as in the sentence “the cat jumped over the wall”, and in the class of adjectives as a metaphor, as in the Portuguese phrase “my girlfriend is a cat” (equivalent to calling a person ‘a fox’ in English).

The written words taken from other languages, such as ‘games’ and ‘show’, for example, were removed, as were abbreviations (‘CD’ for ‘compact disc’). Also excluded were adverbs, adverbial locutions, prepositional locutions, adjectives, months of the year, numerals and augmentative and diminutive words, as well as slang and words made through juxtaposition. Only words which were made up through agglutination and homonimous words of the homophone type (written differently, although the decodification is the same) were kept.

The words in the augmentative or diminutive, synthetic degree, when suffixes are used, were excluded when they took the regular form, as in the example of boné – bonezinho (cap – little cap), or carro – carrão (car – big car). The irregular diminutives and augmentatives, which are constructed with other suffixes, were kept, as in the examples of palacete (mansion) and ribeirão (creek).

As in Brazilian Portuguese the dominant gender is masculine, when words were presented in the feminine and masculine, the words in the feminine were excluded, although added to the word in the masculine. If the same word was presented both in the plural and singular, the words written in the plural were counted in the singular and the plural forms removed from the database. The same occurred with words which only appeared in the feminine; these were transformed into the masculine. Feminine words were only kept if there would be a change in meaning – that is, if different words were used for representing gender, such as cow → bull, or prince → princess, for example. Words which only appeared in the plural, whether masculine or feminine, were transformed into masculine singular. If the word – upon being changed from the plural into the singular – took on a homonymous homograph or homonymous perfect form, or furthermore, offered any type of ambiguity it was excluded from the database.

After this selection process, all the words which appeared in the material were counted, so as to survey their frequency of occurrence in each school year. The spreadsheets were organized by school year and were sent to a statistician so as to analyze which words were common to all years, thus creating a single database of words for Basic Education II.

In order to classify the words as high, medium and low frequency, the decision was made to work with the terciles of distribution, and also with the mean frequency and the cutoff point of the terciles, due to the frequencies which are found close to the center. In choosing to work only with high and low frequency, for example, a frequency of 48% would be classified as low, and one of 52% as high, although both are very close – not achieving the proposed objective.

Table 2 presents the values based on the cutoff point of the terciles for the number of times that each word can appear in order to be considered to be of high, medium or low frequency.

Table 2
Distribution based on the cutoff point of the terciles for the frequency of occurrence of the words in the E-LEITURA II database

Based on this cutoff point, the number of words for each type of frequency for Basic Education II is presented below:

  • High-frequency: 72 words;

  • Medium frequency: 265 words;

  • Low-frequency: 1330 words.

Participants

A total of 224 students were assessed, from the 6th to the 9th years of Basic Education II, from three state public schools from a town in the nonmetropolitan region of São Paulo: G1) 6th year (n= 61); G2) 7th year (n= 44); G3) 8th year (n= 65); and G4) 9th year (n= 54).

As the statistics for this study are descriptive, with percentages of correct readings of each word, and analytical, because it is possible to compare this percentage relative to the words with low-frequency and with those of medium and high frequency, the minimum number of 40 students per school year was specified for ascertaining whether the words of high, medium and low frequency genuinely correspond to this classification.

Procedures

  • Signing of the Terms of Informed Consent by those responsible for the students;

  • Signing of the Terms of Assent by the students assessed;

  • Presentation of the list of words in the E-LEITURA II database for reading out loud.

The lists of words of high, medium and low frequency, from the E-LEITURA II database, were presented to the students, on sulphite paper, A4 size, using the Times New Roman font, size 14, in lowercase letters. Each page presented an average of 72 words, which were read out loud, one at a time, by the student. This procedure was undertaken individually in two sessions, on separate days: 1st) reading of words of high and medium frequency, lasting an average of 20 minutes, and 2nd) reading of low-frequency words, lasting an average of 30 minutes. The mean duration of the two sessions was 50 minutes. Prior to reading each list of words, the student received an explanation of whether the words were of high, medium or low frequency; in particular, for those of low-frequency, it was explained to the student that she might encounter words which she had rarely or never seen before and that, therefore, she should not stop her reading for the researcher to tell her whether she had read the word correctly or not.

Analysis of the results

The statistical analysis was undertaken using the STATA/SE program (version 12.1), based on the number of correct readings for each word evaluated. The confidence interval calculation was undertaken (CI 95%), indicating the accuracy of the results.

RESULTS

After the evaluation of the reading of the words of high, medium and low frequency, upon observing the students’ behavior, it was noted that some words fell within the exclusion criteria, and the others caused problems in understanding, or discomfort on the part of the students. Therefore, the following words were removed from the database:

  • High-frequency: sexo (sex);

  • Low-frequency: face (the students pronounced the Portuguese word ‘face’ as they would the English word ‘face’, deriving from ‘Facebook’), poste (the present subjunctive of the verb ‘postar’, to post), ‘descontrução’ (meaning ‘deconstruction’, this word had been typed with a letter ‘s’ missing), colher (which in Portuguese is both a verb, meaning ‘to gather’, and a noun, meaning ‘spoon’), expectativa (the word was typed twice), and varão (male) (noun and adjective).

After the exclusion of these words, the lists of high, medium and low frequency were constituted by:

  • High frequency: 71 words (Appendix A Appendix A Database of words for reading by students of Basic Education II - E-LEITURA II – high frequency words LIST OF HIGH FREQUENCY WORDS E-LEITURA II Words Mean Standard Deviation 95% Confidence Interval ação 100 0.000 - - água 100 0.000 - - aluno 100 0.000 - - amor 100 0.000 - - animal 100 0.000 - - ano 100 0.000 - - atividade 100 0.000 - - aula 98.7 0.008 97.1 100 autor 96.0 0.013 93.4 98.6 bairro 98.7 0.008 97.1 100 biblioteca 96.9 0.012 94.6 99.2 carta 100 0.000 - - cidade 100 0.000 - - classe 99.1 0.006 97.9 100 coisa 99.6 0.004 98.7 100 colega 98.7 0.008 97.1 100 concurso 94.6 0.015 91.7 97.6 cor 100 0.000 - - coração 99.1 0.006 97.9 100 criança 100 0.000 - - dia 100 0.000 - - educação 100 0.000 - - empresa 98.7 0.008 97.1 100 escola 99.1 0.006 97.9 100 família 100 0.000 - - filho 100 0.000 - - fim 100 0.000 - - garoto 100 0.000 - - gente 99.1 0.006 97.9 100 história 100 0.000 - - hora 100 0.000 - - ideia 97.3 0.011 95.2 99.5 imagem 100 0.000 - - irmão 99.6 0.004 98.7 100 jeito 100 0.000 - - jornal 99.6 0.004 98.7 100 lado 100 0.000 - - lugar 100 0.000 - - mãe 99.6 0.004 98.7 100 mão 99.6 0.004 98.7 100 menino 100 0.000 - - mesa 100 0.000 - - modo 99.6 0.004 98.7 100 mundo 100 0.000 - - nome 100 0.000 - - notícia 100 0.000 - - pai 100 0.000 - - palavra 99.6 0.004 98.7 100 papel 100 0.000 - - pessoa 100 0.000 - - poder 99.1 0.006 97.9 100 problema 96 0.013 93.4 98.6 produto 98.7 0.008 97.1 100 professor 99.6 0.004 98.7 100 questão 99.6 0.004 98.7 100 raça 97.8 0.010 95.8 99.7 relação 99.1 0.006 97.9 100 roupa 100 0.000 - - rua 100 0.000 - - sala 100 0.000 - - semana 100 0.000 - - situação 100 0.000 - - tarefa 100 0.000 - - tempo 100 0.000 - - texto 100 0.000 - - tio 100 0.000 - - tipo 99.6 0.004 98.7 100 universidade 100 0.000 - - verdade 99.6 0.004 98.7 100 vez 99.1 0.006 97.9 100 vida 100 0.000 - - );

  • Medium frequency: 265 words (Appendix B Appendix B Database of words for reading by students of Basic Education II - E-LEITURA II – medium frequency words LIST OF MEDIUM FREQUENCY WORDS E-LEITURA II Words Mean Standard Deviation 95% Confidence Interval academia 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 acontecimento 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 açúcar 100 0.000 - - adolescência 93.7 0.016 90.5 96.9 aeroporto 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7 altura 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 ambiente 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 amigo 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 amizade 100 0.000 - - ar 100 0.000 - - área 89.6 0.020 85.6 93.7 arte 100 0.000 - - artigo 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 árvore 100 0.000 - - aspecto 91.9 0.018 88.3 95.5 atenção 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 atitude 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 avenida 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 avestruz 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 avião 100 0.000 - - avô 93.2 0.017 89.9 96.6 boi 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 botão 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 cabelo 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 cachorro 100 0.000 - - cadeira 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 camisa 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 campanha 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 caneta 100 0.000 - - capitão 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 característica 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 cargo 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 carro 100 0.000 - - casal 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.6 cena 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 centro 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 certeza 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 céu 100 0.000 - - chance 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 chão 100 0.000 - - chefe 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 cidadania 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 cidadão 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 ciência 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 cigarra 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 cigarro 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 circo 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 cliente 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 clube 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 colibri 67.6 0.031 61.4 73.8 comportamento 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 comprador 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 computador 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 comunicação 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 comunidade 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 conceito 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 condição 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 condômino 33.8 0.032 27.5 40.1 conexão 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 conhecimento 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 conjunto 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 consciência 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 consequência 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7 contexto 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 copo 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 corpo 100 0.000 - - córrego 85.1 0.024 80.4 89.9 costa 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 criação 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.6 crônica 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 cultura 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 curiosidade 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 década 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.6 decisão 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 defeito 100 0.000 - - defesa 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 desenvolvimento 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 despesa 83.8 0.025 78.9 88.7 diferença 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 dificuldade 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 dinheiro 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 diretor 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 discussão 94.1 0.016 91 97.3 dono 100 0.000 - - dor 100 0.000 - - droga 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 dúvida 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.6 efeito 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 embarcação 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.6 época 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 equipe 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 escritor 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 espetáculo 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.6 esporte 100 0.000 - - estória 93.7 0.016 90.5 96.9 estrela 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 etapa 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 evento 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 experiência 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 expressão 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 fato 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 favela 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 favor 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 filme 100 0.000 - - flor 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 floresta 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 fome 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 formação 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 formiga 100 0.000 - - fósforo 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 frente 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 função 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 funcionário 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 gato 100 0.000 - - gerente 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 gincana 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 idade 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 igualdade 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 importância 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 impressão 93.7 0.016 90.5 96.9 influência 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 informação 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 iniciativa 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 inovação 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 insegurança 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 inteligência 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 intenção 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 internet 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 janela 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 jornalismo 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 jornalista 100 0.000 - - lábio 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 laje 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 lavanderia 86.9 0.023 82.5 91.4 leite 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 leitor 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 leitura 100 0.000 - - letra 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 língua 100 0.000 - - linguagem 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 linha 100 0.000 - - literatura 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 lobo 100 0.000 - - loja 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 luz 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 maço 92.3 0.018 88.8 95.9 maneira 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 máquina 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 mar 100 0.000 - - marinheiro 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 marreco 94.6 0.015 91.6 97.6 medicina 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 medo 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 mel 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7 mensagem 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.6 mercado 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 mês 100 0.000 - - metro 87.4 0.022 83 91.8 ministério 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 minuto 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 missão 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 modalidade 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 monte 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 moto 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7 movimento 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7 mudança 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 município 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 natureza 100 0.000 - - navio 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 negócio 89.5 0.005 98.7 100 nobreza 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 noite 100 0.000 - - novidade 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 número 100 0.000 - - obra 100 0.000 - - oficina 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 ônibus 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 opinião 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7 oportunidade 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 ordem 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 órgão 94.6 0.015 91.6 97.6 orientação 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 ostra 86.9 0.023 82.5 91.4 padrão 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 pagamento 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 país 94.1 0.016 91 97.3 parte 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 participação 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 paz 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 pé 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 peito 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 pele 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 personagem 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 pia 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7 pista 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 poltrona 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 população 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 portão 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 possibilidade 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 povo 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 praça 100 0.000 - - praia 100 0.000 - - prédio 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 prefeitura 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 presença 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 produção 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 projeto 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 promoção 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 proposta 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 psicólogo 83.8 0.025 78.9 88.7 publicação 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 quadro 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7 qualidade 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 queijo 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 quilo 100 0.000 - - racismo 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 razão 93.7 0.016 90.5 96.9 realidade 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 refeição 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 região 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 relacionamento 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 relatório 100 0.000 - - relógio 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 resposta 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 riso 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 saúde 94.1 0.016 91 97.3 século 100 0.000 - - segurança 100 0.000 - - senhor 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 série 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 serviço 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 silêncio 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 sistema 100 0.000 - - sociedade 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 sol 100 0.000 - - solução 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 sorriso 100 0.000 - - sorte 100 0.000 - - talo 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 tamanho 100 0.000 - - tecnologia 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 tela 100 0.000 - - telefone 100 0.000 - - televisão 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 tema 100 0.000 - - teoria 94.6 0.015 91.6 97.6 termo 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.6 terra 100 0.000 - - time 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 tratamento 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7 turma 100 0.000 - - unidade 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 valor 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 variedade 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 venda 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7 verão 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 versão 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 viagem 100 0.000 - - vila 100 0.000 - - visão 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 vizinho 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 vontade 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 voz 100 0.000 - - xícara 99.5 0.005 98.7 100 );

  • Low frequency: 1323 words (Appendix C Appendix C Database of words for reading by students of Basic Education II - E-LEITURA II – low frequency words LIST OF LOW FREQUENCY WORDS E-LEITURA II Words Mean Standard Deviation 95% Confidence Interval abacate 100 0.000 - - abertura 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 abotoadura 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2 abreviação 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2 abreviatura 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 aceitação 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 acessório 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 acionamento 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9 acne 82.7 0.026 77.7 87.8 aço 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 acréscimo 79.5 0.027 74.2 84.9 acusação 89.1 0.021 84.9 93.2 adequação 86.4 0.023 81.8 90.9 administração 95 0.015 92.1 97.9 admiração 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 adrenalina 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 advertência 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 advocacia 90 0.020 86 94 advogado 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5 afetividade 86.4 0.023 81.8 90.9 afirmação 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 aflição 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 agência 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 agonia 82.3 0.026 77.2 87.4 aguardente 90 0.020 86 94 águia 87.3 0.023 82.8 91.7 álbum 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 álcool 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 alegria 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 aliança 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 alma 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 alternativa 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 aluguel 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 alumínio 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 alvo 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 âmbito 77.7 0.028 72.2 83.3 ambulatório 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9 ameixa 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 amém 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 amenidade 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 anatomia 88.2 0.022 83.9 92.5 andamento 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 andança 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2 anel 100 0.000 - - animação 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 aniversário 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 anjo 100 0.000 - - ansiedade 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 antropologia 86.4 0.023 81.8 90.9 anúncio 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 apagão 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 aparência 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5 apartamento 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 aperfeiçoamento 86.8 0.023 82.3 91.3 aplicação 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 aprendiz 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 aprendizado 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 aprendizagem 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 apresentação 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 aprimoramento 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5 aquisição 95 0.015 92.1 97.9 aragem 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1 arame 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1 arbitrariedade 87.3 0.023 82.8 91.7 árbitro 82.3 0.026 77.2 87.4 ardência 95 0.015 92.1 97.9 argumentação 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6 armário 100 0.000 - - armazém 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4 arraial 79.5 0.027 74.2 84.9 arroz 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 artefato 90.9 0.019 87.1 94.7 artesanato 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 articulação 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 artista 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5 arvoredo 85.9 0.024 81.3 90.5 asa 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 assassinato 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6 assimilação 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6 assistência 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 associação 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 assombração 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 atendimento 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 aterrissagem 88.2 0.022 83.9 92.5 atleta 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 ator 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5 atração 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 atributo 95 0.015 92.1 97.9 atuação 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 atualidade 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 ausência 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5 autoafirmação 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9 autodemarcação 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5 autodomínio 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1 autoestima 95 0.015 92.1 97.9 automóvel 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 autoridade 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8 autorização 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 ave 100 0.000 - - averbação 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 azar 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 babá 95 0.015 92.1 97.9 bacharel 89.1 0.021 84.9 93.2 baga 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 bailarino 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 bala 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 balada 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 balbúrdia 71.4 0.031 65.3 77.4 balconista 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5 bandeira 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 bando 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 banqueiro 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2 bar 100 0.000 - - barão 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5 barba 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 barco 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 barraco 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6 barreira 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 barriga 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 barroco 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2 base 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 batalhão 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 batedeira 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5 batizado 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 batom 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 bebê 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 bebida 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 beco 88.6 0.021 84.4 92.9 beisebol 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 beleza 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 beliche 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 beneficiamento 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9 benefício 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 benzina 90 0.020 86 94 bibliotecário 89.1 0.021 84.9 93.2 bicho 100 0.000 - - bife 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5 bilhete 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 bingo 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 biografia 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5 biólogo 78.6 0.028 73.2 84.1 bioma 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 bloco 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 boca 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 bochecha 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 bode 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 bolha 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 bolsa 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 bolso 100 0.000 - - boné 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 boneca 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 bônus 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 borracha 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 boteco 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 braçada 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9 braço 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 branqueamento 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1 brasa 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9 brigadeiro 100 0.000 - - brincadeira 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 brinquedo 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 brisa 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 bronca 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5 bronze 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 bruxa 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 bule 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 burro 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 buzo 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6 cabra 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 cacetada 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6 cachopa 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6 cadastramento 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2 café 100 0.000 - - caixa 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 calçamento 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6 cálculo 95 0.015 92.1 97.9 caldeirão 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 caligrafia 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 calor 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 cama 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 camelo 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 câmera 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 campina 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6 canalização 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 canção 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 candidato 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 candidatura 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 candomblé 83.2 0.025 78.2 88.2 canela 83.2 0.025 78.2 88.2 cano 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 canoa 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 cansaço 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8 cão 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5 capa 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 capacidade 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 capacitação 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8 capítulo 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 caracterização 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9 caráter 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 caravana 95 0.015 92.1 97.9 carinho 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4 carne 100 0.000 - - carreira 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 carreta 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9 carretel 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 cartão 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 cartaz 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 carteira 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 cartolina 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 casaco 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 casamento 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 castelo 100 0.000 - - castidade 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2 catástrofe 59.1 0.033 52.5 65.6 categoria 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 cavalete 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5 cavalheiro 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 cavalo 100 0.000 - - caveira 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 caverna 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 celeuma 70.9 0.031 64.9 77 célula 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9 cemitério 94.1 0.016 91 97.2 cenografia 94.1 0.016 91 97.2 censo 95 0.015 92.1 97.9 cera 82.7 0.026 77.7 87.8 cerimônia 94.1 0.016 91 97.2 cessão 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5 cesta 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 chá 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 chapéu 100 0.000 - - chave 100 0.000 - - cheque 94.1 0.016 91 97.2 chinelo 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 chocolate 100 0.000 - - chofer 76.4 0.029 70.7 82 chupeta 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 chuva 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 ciclo 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5 cientista 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 cilindro 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 cinema 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 cintura 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 cinzeiro 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 circuito 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 circunstância 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5 ciúme 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 civilização 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 clareza 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5 classificação 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 clima 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 clínica 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5 cobrança 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5 código 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 coelho 100 0.000 - - coerência 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5 coincidência 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6 colaboração 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 colarinho 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 colecionador 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 colégio 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 coletânea 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5 coletividade 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 colheita 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5 coluna 100 0.000 - - comandante 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5 comemoração 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 comentário 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 comerciante 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 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0.014 92.7 98.2 tentativa 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 término 74.1 0.030 68.3 79.9 terreno 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 terror 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 tese 83.6 0.025 78.7 88.6 tesoura 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 teste 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 tigela 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 tigre 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 timidez 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 tímpano 75.9 0.029 70.2 81.6 tinta 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 tiragem 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 tiroteio 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 título 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 toalha 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 tolice 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 tom 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 torneira 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 torpor 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4 torre 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 tostão 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 totalidade 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2 tradutor 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 transferência 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 transmissão 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 transplante 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 transporte 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 trapézio 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6 travesseiro 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 travessura 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 trecho 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 treinamento 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 trem 100 0.000 - - tremor 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5 tribo 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 tronco 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 trono 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 truque 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 tubo 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 túmulo 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9 túnel 85.9 0.024 81.3 90.5 turismo 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 turista 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 tutor 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 união 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 uniformidade 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8 universo 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 urgência 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 urubu 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 vaca 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 valorização 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 vantagem 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 vapor 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 varanda 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 vaso 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 vazante 87.7 0.022 83.4 92.1 vegetação 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 veia 95 0.015 92.1 97.9 veículo 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 velocidade 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 vendedor 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5 veneno 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 verbo 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 verdura 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 veredicto 77.7 0.028 72.2 83.3 verme 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 veterinária 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6 vídeo 98.2 0.009 96.4 100 vidro 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 viela 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 vigilância 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 vigor 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 viola 100 0.000 - - violação 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 violeiro 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2 violência 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 violino 99.1 0.006 97.8 100 vírgula 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6 virilidade 95 0.015 92.1 97.9 virtude 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 vírus 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 visitante 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2 vítima 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7 viveiro 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4 vivência 98.6 0.008 97.1 100 vizinhança 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9 volume 99.5 0.005 98.6 100 vômito 87.3 0.023 82.8 91.7 vulto 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5 xale 88.6 0.021 84.4 92.9 zoneamento 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1 zoonose 88.6 0.021 84.4 92.9 ).

The lists of words are presented in Appendices. The words are presented in alphabetical order, with their respective means, standard deviation and confidence interval (CI 95%).

Table 3 presents the percentage of correct readings of the high frequency words, and some examples. The word with the fewest correct readings on the high frequency list was “concurso” (competition), with 94.6% (CI 95% 91.7-97.6).

Table 3
Presentation of the percentage of correct readings of the high frequency words in the E-LEITURA II database

The confidence interval indicates the results’ accuracy. With 95% confidence, the interval between 91.7-97.6 for the word “concurso”, on the list of high-frequency words for students in Basic Education II, covers the true difference of the proportions, that is, that the population mean for Basic Education II is within this interval.

Table 4 presents the percentage of correct readings of the medium frequency words for Basic Education, and some examples of words. The word with the fewest correct readings on the list of medium frequency words was “condômino” (‘co-owner’), with 33.8% (CI 95% 27.5-40.1), followed by the word “colibri” (‘hummingbird’) with 67.6% (CI 95% 61.4-73.8).

Table 4
Presentation of the percentage of correct readings of the medium frequency words of the E-LEITURA II database

Table 5 presents the percentage of correct readings of the low frequency words for Basic Education II, with some examples. The word with the fewest correct readings on the low frequency list was the word “ímpeto” (‘impetus’) with 42.7% (CI 95% 36.1-49.3), followed by the word “gigolô” with 52.3% (CI 95% 45.6-58.9) and “orixá” (‘orisha’, from the Yoruba religion) with 53.6% (CI 95% 47-60.3).

Table 5
Presentation of the percentage of correct readings of the low frequency words of the E-LEITURA II database

Based on these results, it may be observed that words of high, medium and low frequency genuinely correspond to this classification, although each word presents its own level of difficulty, as presented in appendices through mean, standard deviation and confidence interval. Among these, the researcher/professional can choose the word which best fits with her criteria and objective.

DISCUSSION

The creation of the E-LEITURA II word database was based on the need to develop lists of words of high and low frequency for the assessment of students of Basic Education II, considering that, at the time of writing, the authors are not aware of the scientific publishing of a database of words such that Brazilian professionals can elaborate and use their own lists.

In Brazil, the cognitive evaluation of reading has been mainly undertaken through the use of ready-made lists which vary in terms of contrasting psycholinguistic characteristics such as regularity, length and frequency, as observed in studies undertaken in Brazil(1515 Pinheiro AMV. Leitura e escrita: uma abordagem cognitiva. 2. ed. Campinas: Livro Pleno; 2006.,1616 Capellini SA, Oliveira AM, Cuetos F. PROLEC: provas de avaliação dos processos de leitura. 3. ed. São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo; 2014.,2626 Pinheiro AMV. Avaliação cognitiva das capacidades de leitura e de escrita de crianças nas séries iniciais do ensino fundamental – AVACLE: Relatório Final Global e Integrado de atividades desenvolvidas. Belo Horizonte: Departamento de Psicologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; 2003. Relatório CNPq, processo 52089/93-0.

27 Salles JF, Parente MAPP. Relação entre os processos cognitivos envolvidos na leitura de palavras e as habilidades de consciência fonológica em escolares. Pro Fono. 2002;14(2):175-86.
-2828 Batista AO, Cervera-Mérida JF, Ygual-Fernández A, Capellini SA. Pró-Ortografia: protocolo de avaliação da ortografia para escolares do segundo ao quinto ano do ensino fundamental. Barueri: Pró-Fono Editora; 2014.).

The reading of words from these lists, generally undertaken out loud, provides the following information: (1) effects of the variation in the number of letters (length); (2) effects of variation of levels of familiarity with words on the reading (frequency); (3) involvement of the semantic process in the reading; and (4) involvement of the grapheme-phoneme conversion process in the retrieval of the pronunciation(2121 Pinheiro AMV. Heterogeneidade entre leitores julgados competentes pelas professoras. Psicol Reflex Crit. 2001;14(3):537-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722001000300009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722001...
,2222 Pinheiro AMV, Rothe-Neves R. Avaliação cognitiva da leitura: as tarefas de leitura em voz alta e ditado. Psicol Reflex Crit. 2001;14(2):399-408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722001000200014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722001...
).

According to one Brazilian study(2222 Pinheiro AMV, Rothe-Neves R. Avaliação cognitiva da leitura: as tarefas de leitura em voz alta e ditado. Psicol Reflex Crit. 2001;14(2):399-408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722001000200014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722001...
), a list of words for assessing the use of the phonological and lexical routes over the course of the child’s development must, firstly, match the words at the level of frequency, that is, a list of words must contain the same number of frequent and non-frequent words, an equal number of regular and irregular words, and – within each level of frequency and regularity – there must be the same number of short and long words.

During the elaboration of the E-LEITURA II database, the following criteria were considered: 1) classification of the words into high, medium and low frequency; 2) words which might be considered to be ambiguous, depending on the context, were not included; and 3) verification relating to the sensitivity of the classification of the words. It was possible to respond to these three issues based on the partnership between the professionals from the area of speech therapy, education (Arts) and the exact sciences (statistics).

It is emphasized that the reading of all the words of the E-LEITURA II database was undertaken for ascertaining the sensitivity of the classification of the words, that is, to check whether the words of high, medium and low frequency genuinely correspond to this classification – as well as in order to make it possible to observe which words caused discomfort or which fell within the exclusion criteria, their application in educational and clinical practice not being viable.

The idea of creating the E-LEITURA II database is to provide researchers and clinicians with a database of words for students of Basic Education II which can be used as linguistic encouragement for procedures of assessment and intervention. The undertaking of these procedures is important as – as observed in one Brazilian study(2929 Chang ES, Avila CRB. Compreensão leitora nos últimos anos dos ciclos I e II do Ensino Fundamental. CoDAS. 2014;26(4):276-85. PMid:25211686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/201420130069.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/2014...
) – the students who are identified as having difficulty in understanding reading, who are in the later years of this cycle, present a result in reading which is below that of younger students (from the final years of Basic Education I). The correlations found show that these students, although having less competence, use resources involving cognitive skills in their reading, so as to achieve comprehension; it follows that the cognitive skills of reading must be evaluated and encouraged.

In contrast, one Brazilian study(3030 Dellisa PRR, Navas ALGP. Avaliação do desempenho de leitura em estudantes do 3º ao 7º anos com diferentes tipos de texto. CoDAS. 2013;25(4):342-50. PMid:24408485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2317-17822013000400008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2317-17822013...
) undertaken with students from the 3rd to 7th years with good academic performance, identified a reduction in the time for reading texts as educational level advances, as well as the least time spent reading texts with short words, evidencing the influence of the words’ size, and the text’s syntactic complexity, on the time taken to do the reading. The simpler the syntactic structuring, the less time is taken to read the text.

It is necessary to elaborate instruments which make it possible to assess reading skills in students in Basic Education II, in order for the professionals/researcher to possess the necessary, validated instruments for undertaking the evaluation, and to make therapeutic reasoning possible, based on the findings of the assessment, thus allowing efficacious interventions.

As observed in the results of the present study, each word – regardless of the list to which it belongs – presents its own level of difficulty, and the researcher/professional can choose those which best answer objectives and criteria (for example, syllabic complexity, length of the word, etc.).

It is, however, necessary to stress this study’s limitations as, due to having been undertaken in a city in the nonmetropolitan region of the State of São Paulo, due to the regionalism presented, both in our state as in other states and cities of Brazil, the words which were considered of low frequency for this study may not necessarily be considered of low frequency in other regions of Brazil; the same is true for the words of high and medium frequency. It is necessary, furthermore, to take into account that the teaching material used for elaborating the database was provided by the government of the State of São Paulo – this material not being used in the other states. It is necessary, therefore, to undertake a broader study in all the regions of Brazil.

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

The E-LEITURA II database is a useful resource for the professionals, as it provides – free of charge – for the first time, in the Brazilian context, a database with a wide range of words (classified as high, medium and low frequency) which can be used for the purposes of educational and clinical research with students from Basic Education II. Based on the E- LEITURA II database, the professional can choose the words according to her objectives and criteria. As a result, it is anticipated that the E-LEITURA II database may serve as linguistic encouragement for procedures of assessment and intervention with reading in students of Basic Education II.

Appendix A Database of words for reading by students of Basic Education II - E-LEITURA II – high frequency words

LIST OF HIGH FREQUENCY WORDS E-LEITURA II
Words Mean Standard Deviation 95% Confidence Interval
ação 100 0.000 - -
água 100 0.000 - -
aluno 100 0.000 - -
amor 100 0.000 - -
animal 100 0.000 - -
ano 100 0.000 - -
atividade 100 0.000 - -
aula 98.7 0.008 97.1 100
autor 96.0 0.013 93.4 98.6
bairro 98.7 0.008 97.1 100
biblioteca 96.9 0.012 94.6 99.2
carta 100 0.000 - -
cidade 100 0.000 - -
classe 99.1 0.006 97.9 100
coisa 99.6 0.004 98.7 100
colega 98.7 0.008 97.1 100
concurso 94.6 0.015 91.7 97.6
cor 100 0.000 - -
coração 99.1 0.006 97.9 100
criança 100 0.000 - -
dia 100 0.000 - -
educação 100 0.000 - -
empresa 98.7 0.008 97.1 100
escola 99.1 0.006 97.9 100
família 100 0.000 - -
filho 100 0.000 - -
fim 100 0.000 - -
garoto 100 0.000 - -
gente 99.1 0.006 97.9 100
história 100 0.000 - -
hora 100 0.000 - -
ideia 97.3 0.011 95.2 99.5
imagem 100 0.000 - -
irmão 99.6 0.004 98.7 100
jeito 100 0.000 - -
jornal 99.6 0.004 98.7 100
lado 100 0.000 - -
lugar 100 0.000 - -
mãe 99.6 0.004 98.7 100
mão 99.6 0.004 98.7 100
menino 100 0.000 - -
mesa 100 0.000 - -
modo 99.6 0.004 98.7 100
mundo 100 0.000 - -
nome 100 0.000 - -
notícia 100 0.000 - -
pai 100 0.000 - -
palavra 99.6 0.004 98.7 100
papel 100 0.000 - -
pessoa 100 0.000 - -
poder 99.1 0.006 97.9 100
problema 96 0.013 93.4 98.6
produto 98.7 0.008 97.1 100
professor 99.6 0.004 98.7 100
questão 99.6 0.004 98.7 100
raça 97.8 0.010 95.8 99.7
relação 99.1 0.006 97.9 100
roupa 100 0.000 - -
rua 100 0.000 - -
sala 100 0.000 - -
semana 100 0.000 - -
situação 100 0.000 - -
tarefa 100 0.000 - -
tempo 100 0.000 - -
texto 100 0.000 - -
tio 100 0.000 - -
tipo 99.6 0.004 98.7 100
universidade 100 0.000 - -
verdade 99.6 0.004 98.7 100
vez 99.1 0.006 97.9 100
vida 100 0.000 - -

Appendix B Database of words for reading by students of Basic Education II - E-LEITURA II – medium frequency words

LIST OF MEDIUM FREQUENCY WORDS E-LEITURA II
Words Mean Standard Deviation 95% Confidence Interval
academia 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
acontecimento 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
açúcar 100 0.000 - -
adolescência 93.7 0.016 90.5 96.9
aeroporto 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7
altura 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
ambiente 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
amigo 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
amizade 100 0.000 - -
ar 100 0.000 - -
área 89.6 0.020 85.6 93.7
arte 100 0.000 - -
artigo 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
árvore 100 0.000 - -
aspecto 91.9 0.018 88.3 95.5
atenção 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
atitude 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
avenida 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
avestruz 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
avião 100 0.000 - -
avô 93.2 0.017 89.9 96.6
boi 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
botão 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
cabelo 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
cachorro 100 0.000 - -
cadeira 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
camisa 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
campanha 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
caneta 100 0.000 - -
capitão 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
característica 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
cargo 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
carro 100 0.000 - -
casal 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.6
cena 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
centro 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
certeza 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
céu 100 0.000 - -
chance 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
chão 100 0.000 - -
chefe 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
cidadania 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
cidadão 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
ciência 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
cigarra 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
cigarro 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
circo 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
cliente 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
clube 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
colibri 67.6 0.031 61.4 73.8
comportamento 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
comprador 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
computador 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
comunicação 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
comunidade 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
conceito 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
condição 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
condômino 33.8 0.032 27.5 40.1
conexão 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
conhecimento 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
conjunto 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
consciência 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
consequência 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7
contexto 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
copo 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
corpo 100 0.000 - -
córrego 85.1 0.024 80.4 89.9
costa 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
criação 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.6
crônica 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
cultura 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
curiosidade 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
década 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.6
decisão 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
defeito 100 0.000 - -
defesa 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
desenvolvimento 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
despesa 83.8 0.025 78.9 88.7
diferença 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
dificuldade 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
dinheiro 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
diretor 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
discussão 94.1 0.016 91 97.3
dono 100 0.000 - -
dor 100 0.000 - -
droga 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
dúvida 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.6
efeito 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
embarcação 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.6
época 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
equipe 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
escritor 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
espetáculo 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.6
esporte 100 0.000 - -
estória 93.7 0.016 90.5 96.9
estrela 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
etapa 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
evento 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
experiência 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
expressão 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
fato 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
favela 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
favor 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
filme 100 0.000 - -
flor 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
floresta 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
fome 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
formação 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
formiga 100 0.000 - -
fósforo 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
frente 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
função 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
funcionário 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
gato 100 0.000 - -
gerente 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
gincana 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
idade 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
igualdade 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
importância 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
impressão 93.7 0.016 90.5 96.9
influência 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
informação 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
iniciativa 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
inovação 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
insegurança 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
inteligência 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
intenção 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
internet 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
janela 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
jornalismo 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
jornalista 100 0.000 - -
lábio 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
laje 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
lavanderia 86.9 0.023 82.5 91.4
leite 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
leitor 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
leitura 100 0.000 - -
letra 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
língua 100 0.000 - -
linguagem 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
linha 100 0.000 - -
literatura 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
lobo 100 0.000 - -
loja 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
luz 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
maço 92.3 0.018 88.8 95.9
maneira 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
máquina 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
mar 100 0.000 - -
marinheiro 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
marreco 94.6 0.015 91.6 97.6
medicina 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
medo 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
mel 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7
mensagem 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.6
mercado 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
mês 100 0.000 - -
metro 87.4 0.022 83 91.8
ministério 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
minuto 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
missão 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
modalidade 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
monte 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
moto 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7
movimento 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7
mudança 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
município 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
natureza 100 0.000 - -
navio 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
negócio 89.5 0.005 98.7 100
nobreza 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
noite 100 0.000 - -
novidade 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
número 100 0.000 - -
obra 100 0.000 - -
oficina 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
ônibus 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
opinião 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7
oportunidade 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
ordem 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
órgão 94.6 0.015 91.6 97.6
orientação 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
ostra 86.9 0.023 82.5 91.4
padrão 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
pagamento 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
país 94.1 0.016 91 97.3
parte 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
participação 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
paz 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
99.5 0.005 98.7 100
peito 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
pele 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
personagem 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
pia 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7
pista 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
poltrona 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
população 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
portão 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
possibilidade 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
povo 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
praça 100 0.000 - -
praia 100 0.000 - -
prédio 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
prefeitura 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
presença 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
produção 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
projeto 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
promoção 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
proposta 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
psicólogo 83.8 0.025 78.9 88.7
publicação 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
quadro 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7
qualidade 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
queijo 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
quilo 100 0.000 - -
racismo 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
razão 93.7 0.016 90.5 96.9
realidade 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
refeição 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
região 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
relacionamento 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
relatório 100 0.000 - -
relógio 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
resposta 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
riso 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
saúde 94.1 0.016 91 97.3
século 100 0.000 - -
segurança 100 0.000 - -
senhor 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
série 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
serviço 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
silêncio 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
sistema 100 0.000 - -
sociedade 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
sol 100 0.000 - -
solução 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
sorriso 100 0.000 - -
sorte 100 0.000 - -
talo 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
tamanho 100 0.000 - -
tecnologia 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
tela 100 0.000 - -
telefone 100 0.000 - -
televisão 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
tema 100 0.000 - -
teoria 94.6 0.015 91.6 97.6
termo 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.6
terra 100 0.000 - -
time 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
tratamento 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7
turma 100 0.000 - -
unidade 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
valor 99.5 0.005 98.7 100
variedade 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
venda 97.7 0.010 95.8 99.7
verão 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
versão 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
viagem 100 0.000 - -
vila 100 0.000 - -
visão 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
vizinho 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
vontade 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
voz 100 0.000 - -
xícara 99.5 0.005 98.7 100

Appendix C Database of words for reading by students of Basic Education II - E-LEITURA II – low frequency words

LIST OF LOW FREQUENCY WORDS E-LEITURA II
Words Mean Standard Deviation 95% Confidence Interval
abacate 100 0.000 - -
abertura 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
abotoadura 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
abreviação 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
abreviatura 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
aceitação 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
acessório 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
acionamento 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
acne 82.7 0.026 77.7 87.8
aço 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
acréscimo 79.5 0.027 74.2 84.9
acusação 89.1 0.021 84.9 93.2
adequação 86.4 0.023 81.8 90.9
administração 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
admiração 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
adrenalina 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
advertência 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
advocacia 90 0.020 86 94
advogado 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
afetividade 86.4 0.023 81.8 90.9
afirmação 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
aflição 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
agência 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
agonia 82.3 0.026 77.2 87.4
aguardente 90 0.020 86 94
águia 87.3 0.023 82.8 91.7
álbum 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
álcool 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
alegria 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
aliança 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
alma 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
alternativa 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
aluguel 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
alumínio 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
alvo 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
âmbito 77.7 0.028 72.2 83.3
ambulatório 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
ameixa 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
amém 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
amenidade 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
anatomia 88.2 0.022 83.9 92.5
andamento 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
andança 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
anel 100 0.000 - -
animação 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
aniversário 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
anjo 100 0.000 - -
ansiedade 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
antropologia 86.4 0.023 81.8 90.9
anúncio 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
apagão 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
aparência 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
apartamento 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
aperfeiçoamento 86.8 0.023 82.3 91.3
aplicação 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
aprendiz 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
aprendizado 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
aprendizagem 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
apresentação 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
aprimoramento 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
aquisição 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
aragem 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1
arame 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1
arbitrariedade 87.3 0.023 82.8 91.7
árbitro 82.3 0.026 77.2 87.4
ardência 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
argumentação 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
armário 100 0.000 - -
armazém 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4
arraial 79.5 0.027 74.2 84.9
arroz 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
artefato 90.9 0.019 87.1 94.7
artesanato 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
articulação 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
artista 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
arvoredo 85.9 0.024 81.3 90.5
asa 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
assassinato 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
assimilação 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
assistência 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
associação 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
assombração 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
atendimento 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
aterrissagem 88.2 0.022 83.9 92.5
atleta 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
ator 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
atração 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
atributo 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
atuação 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
atualidade 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
ausência 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
autoafirmação 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
autodemarcação 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
autodomínio 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1
autoestima 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
automóvel 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
autoridade 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8
autorização 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
ave 100 0.000 - -
averbação 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
azar 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
babá 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
bacharel 89.1 0.021 84.9 93.2
baga 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
bailarino 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
bala 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
balada 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
balbúrdia 71.4 0.031 65.3 77.4
balconista 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
bandeira 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
bando 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
banqueiro 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
bar 100 0.000 - -
barão 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
barba 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
barco 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
barraco 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
barreira 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
barriga 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
barroco 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
base 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
batalhão 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
batedeira 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
batizado 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
batom 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
bebê 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
bebida 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
beco 88.6 0.021 84.4 92.9
beisebol 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
beleza 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
beliche 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
beneficiamento 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
benefício 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
benzina 90 0.020 86 94
bibliotecário 89.1 0.021 84.9 93.2
bicho 100 0.000 - -
bife 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
bilhete 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
bingo 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
biografia 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
biólogo 78.6 0.028 73.2 84.1
bioma 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
bloco 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
boca 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
bochecha 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
bode 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
bolha 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
bolsa 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
bolso 100 0.000 - -
boné 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
boneca 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
bônus 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
borracha 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
boteco 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
braçada 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
braço 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
branqueamento 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1
brasa 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
brigadeiro 100 0.000 - -
brincadeira 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
brinquedo 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
brisa 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
bronca 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
bronze 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
bruxa 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
bule 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
burro 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
buzo 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
cabra 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
cacetada 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
cachopa 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
cadastramento 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
café 100 0.000 - -
caixa 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
calçamento 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
cálculo 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
caldeirão 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
caligrafia 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
calor 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
cama 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
camelo 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
câmera 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
campina 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
canalização 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
canção 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
candidato 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
candidatura 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
candomblé 83.2 0.025 78.2 88.2
canela 83.2 0.025 78.2 88.2
cano 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
canoa 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
cansaço 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8
cão 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
capa 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
capacidade 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
capacitação 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8
capítulo 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
caracterização 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
caráter 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
caravana 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
carinho 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4
carne 100 0.000 - -
carreira 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
carreta 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
carretel 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
cartão 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
cartaz 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
carteira 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
cartolina 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
casaco 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
casamento 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
castelo 100 0.000 - -
castidade 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
catástrofe 59.1 0.033 52.5 65.6
categoria 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
cavalete 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
cavalheiro 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
cavalo 100 0.000 - -
caveira 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
caverna 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
celeuma 70.9 0.031 64.9 77
célula 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
cemitério 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
cenografia 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
censo 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
cera 82.7 0.026 77.7 87.8
cerimônia 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
cessão 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
cesta 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
chá 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
chapéu 100 0.000 - -
chave 100 0.000 - -
cheque 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
chinelo 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
chocolate 100 0.000 - -
chofer 76.4 0.029 70.7 82
chupeta 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
chuva 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
ciclo 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
cientista 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
cilindro 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
cinema 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
cintura 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
cinzeiro 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
circuito 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
circunstância 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
ciúme 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
civilização 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
clareza 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
classificação 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
clima 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
clínica 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
cobrança 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
código 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
coelho 100 0.000 - -
coerência 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
coincidência 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
colaboração 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
colarinho 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
colecionador 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
colégio 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
coletânea 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
coletividade 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
colheita 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
coluna 100 0.000 - -
comandante 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
comemoração 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
comentário 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
comerciante 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
comércio 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
comida 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
cômodo 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1
compaixão 100 0.000 - -
companhia 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1
competição 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
complemento 88.2 0.022 83.9 92.5
complexidade 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
componente 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
composição 100 0.000 - -
compreensão 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
compromisso 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
conceituação 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
concentração 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
concepção 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
concerto 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8
concha 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
conclusão 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
concorrência 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
condicionamento 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
condução 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
confecção 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
confiabilidade 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
confiança 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
confusão 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
congresso 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
conhaque 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
conjução 87.3 0.023 82.8 91.7
consenso 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4
consideração 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
constatação 85 0.024 80.2 89.8
construção 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
consultor 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
consumismo 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1
conteúdo 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
continente 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
contratação 83.2 0.025 78.2 88.2
contribuição 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
convenção 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
convés 86.8 0.023 82.3 91.3
convite 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
convivência 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
convívio 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
coordenação 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
cópia 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
coragem 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
cordeiro 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
correção 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
corredor 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
correio 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
corrida 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
cortina 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
costume 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
cotidiano 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
couve 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
covardia 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
coveiro 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
cozinheira 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
crachá 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
crânio 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
crédito 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
creme 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
crença 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
crescimento 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
criatividade 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
crime 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
criminalização 86.8 0.023 82.3 91.3
crise 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
critério 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
cruzamento 100 0.000 - -
cueca 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
cumprimento 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
curral 80.9 0.027 75.7 86.1
currículo 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
dama 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
declaração 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
dedicação 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
dedo 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
deficiência 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
degeneração 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
degrau 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
delicadeza 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
demarcação 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
democracia 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
democratização 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
dente 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
departamento 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
depoimento 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
depositante 90 0.020 86 94
depredação 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
depressão 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
descendência 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1
desconfiança 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
descrença 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4
desfile 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
desígnio 79.5 0.027 74.2 84.9
desigualdade 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
deslumbramento 88.6 0.021 84.4 92.9
desmatamento 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
desperdício 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
despertador 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
detecção 79.1 0.027 73.7 84.5
detector 89.1 0.021 84.9 93.2
detenção 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
detento 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
determinação 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
detetive 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
detrimento 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
devastador 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1
dezena 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
diabolô 73.6 0.030 67.8 79.5
diálogo 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
diário 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
dica 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
dicionário 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
difusão 87.7 0.022 83.4 92.1
digestão 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4
dimensão 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
diminuição 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
diploma 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
direção 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
diretriz 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
discriminação 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
disquete 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
disseminação 90.9 0.019 87.1 94.7
distância 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
distinção 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
distração 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
distribuição 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
diversão 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
diversidade 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
dívida 83.6 0.025 78.7 88.6
divisão 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
divulgação 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
doação 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
documentário 90 0.020 86 94
doença 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
dom 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
domicílio 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
domínio 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
doutorado 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
dupla 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
duração 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
economia 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
edição 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
edifício 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
editor 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
editora 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
eficiência 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
elaboração 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
elemento 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
elevação 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
elevador 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
elite 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
embalagem 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
emergência 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
empreendimento 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
empreitada 87.7 0.022 83.4 92.1
empréstimo 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
encantamento 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
enchente 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4
endereço 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
enfermaria 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
engenheiro 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
engrenagem 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
enigma 87.7 0.022 83.4 92.1
ensinamento 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
entendimento 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
entidade 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
entonação 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
entrada 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
entretenimento 82.3 0.026 77.2 87.4
enunciado 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
envelope 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
envolvimento 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
epicentro 90.9 0.019 87.1 94.7
equívoco 57.3 0.033 50.7 63.9
escada 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
escolaridade 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
esconderijo 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
escravagismo 82.3 0.026 77.2 87.4
escravidão 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
escritório 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
escultura 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
especialização 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4
espécie 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
esperança 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
espiga 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
esposo 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8
esquecimento 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
esquema 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
esquina 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
essência 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4
estabelecimento 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
estação 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
estágio 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
estante 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
estardalhaço 85 0.024 80.2 89.8
estatística 89.1 0.021 84.9 93.2
estatuto 87.7 0.022 83.4 92.1
estilo 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
estimativa 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
estômago 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
estopa 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
estrada 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
estratégia 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
estreiteza 88.2 0.022 83.9 92.5
estúdio 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
estupor 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
etnocentrismo 70 0.031 63.9 76.1
euforia 90 0.020 86 94
evangelho 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
evidência 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
evolução 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
exceção 88.6 0.021 84.4 92.9
exclamação 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
exclusão 90.9 0.019 87.1 94.7
excursão 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
execução 88.6 0.021 84.4 92.9
exercício 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
existência 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
êxodo 66.8 0.032 60.5 73.1
expansão 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
explicação 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
exploração 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
extração 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
extremidade 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
98.2 0.009 96.4 100
fabricante 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
faca 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
facção 89.1 0.021 84.9 93.2
fachada 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
faculdade 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
faixa 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
falsificação 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1
familiaridade 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
fantasma 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
farmácia 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
farol 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
farrapo 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1
fase 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
fator 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
100 0.000 - -
feijão 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
feira 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
feminilidade 87.7 0.022 83.4 92.1
fenômeno 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
feriado 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
férias 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
ficção 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
fidelidade 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
fila 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
filão 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
filhote 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
filmadora 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
finalização 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
financeiro 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
fio 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
firmeza 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
fiscalização 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
fisiologia 84.5 0.024 79.7 89.4
flerte 84.1 0.025 79.2 89
fluxo 86.4 0.023 81.8 90.9
fogão 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
fogo 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
fogueira 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
folheto 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8
fone 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
fonte 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
formalidade 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
fórmula 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
forró 85.5 0.024 80.8 90.1
fortuna 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
fórum 87.3 0.023 82.8 91.7
foto 100 0.000 - -
fotografia 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
fração 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
fragilidade 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
frango 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
fraqueza 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
frase 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
frequência 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
frigorífico 81.8 0.026 76.7 87
fritura 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
fronte 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
fronteira 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
frustração 89.1 0.021 84.9 93.2
fruta 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
fruto 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
fumaça 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
funcionalidade 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
funcionamento 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
fundação 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
fundador 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
futebol 100 0.000 - -
futuro 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
gabão 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
gado 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
gaivota 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
galeão 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
garagem 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
garantia 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
garganta 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
garrafa 100 0.000 - -
gatilho 89.1 0.021 84.9 93.2
gel 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
geladeira 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
gene 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
gênero 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
genética 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
gênio 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
genoma 89.1 0.021 84.9 93.2
genro 88.6 0.021 84.4 92.9
geração 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
gerenciamento 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
gestante 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
gestão 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
gesto 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
gestor 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
gibi 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
gigolô 52.3 0.034 45.6 58.9
gilete 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
ginástica 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
gíria 87.7 0.022 83.4 92.1
giz 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
glicose 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
goiabada 81.8 0.026 76.7 87
gordura 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
gorjeta 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
governanta 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
governante 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
graça 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
grade 85 0.024 80.2 89.8
graduação 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
grafia 87.3 0.023 82.8 91.7
grafiteiro 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
grandeza 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
grão 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
grau 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
gravação 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
gravata 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
greve 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
grevista 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
guardanapo 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
guerra 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
gueto 82.7 0.026 77.7 87.8
guitarra 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
habilidade 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
habitante 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
herança 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
hesitação 89.1 0.021 84.9 93.2
heterogeneidade 80.9 0.027 75.7 86.1
hierarquia 79.1 0.027 73.7 84.5
hierarquização 80.5 0.027 75.2 85.7
historiador 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
homem 100 0.000 - -
horário 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
horror 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
hospedaria 85.9 0.024 81.3 90.5
hóspede 79.1 0.027 73.7 84.5
hospital 100 0.000 - -
hotel 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
humanidade 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
humildade 85.5 0.024 80.8 90.1
humor 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
identidade 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
identificação 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
idioma 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
ídolo 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
ilha 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
imaginação 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
imaginário 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
imigração 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
imigrante 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
impacto 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
imperialismo 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
império 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
ímpeto 42.7 0.033 36.1 49.3
implantação 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
inauguração 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
incêndio 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
inchaço 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
incidência 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1
inclusão 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
incontinência 89.1 0.021 84.9 93.2
incorporação 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
incursão 84.5 0.024 79.7 89.4
independência 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
indicação 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
indicador 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
índice 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
indiferença 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
indignação 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
indivíduo 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
indústria 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
inexistência 82.7 0.026 77.7 87.8
inexorabilidade 60.5 0.033 53.9 67
infância 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
inferência 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
inferioridade 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
infinito 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
informática 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
infortúnio 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
infraestrutura 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
ingestão 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
ingrediente 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
início 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
inscrição 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
inseto 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
inspeção 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
instalação 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
instituição 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
instituto 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
instrução 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8
instrumento 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
integrante 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
intelecto 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
interlocutor 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
internauta 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
interpretação 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
intérprete 58.2 0.033 51.6 64.8
interrogação 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
intestino 90 0.020 86 94
intolerância 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
intoxicação 89.1 0.021 84.9 93.2
introdução 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
intuito 77.3 0.028 71.7 82.9
invasão 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
invencionice 87.7 0.022 83.4 92.1
investigação 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
investimento 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
irregular 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
irritação 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
isopor 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
item 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
jangada 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
jaqueira 90 0.020 86 94
jardim 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
jogador 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
juízo 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
júri 86.8 0.023 82.3 91.3
justiça 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
justificativa 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
juventude 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
labirintite 90 0.020 86 94
laboratório 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
ladrão 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
lagarta 77.7 0.028 72.2 83.3
lago 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
lagoa 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
lâmpada 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
lampião 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
lampioneiro 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
lançamento 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
lance 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
lanchonete 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
lápis 100 0.000 - -
lar 100 0.000 - -
lata 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
lavagem 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
lazer 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
leão 100 0.000 - -
lebre 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
legião 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
legislação 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
légua 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
lei 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
leito 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
lembrança 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
lenço 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
lenda 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
lenha 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
lenhador 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
leque 90 0.020 86 94
levantamento 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
libelo 74.5 0.029 68.7 80.3
liberdade 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
lição 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
licença 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
licenciatura 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
líder 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
liderança 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8
ligação 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
limite 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
linguística 81.8 0.026 76.7 87
linhagem 86.8 0.023 82.3 91.3
líquido 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
lombada 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
loucura 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
loureiro 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
lousa 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
lua 100 0.000 - -
maçã 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
macaco 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
macarrão 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
madeira 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
madrinha 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
madrugada 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
magia 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
mala 100 0.000 - -
maldade 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
malícia 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
mandato 90 0.020 86 94
mangueira 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
mania 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
manifestação 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
manipulação 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
manta 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
maquinaria 85 0.024 80.2 89.8
maratona 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
marceneiro 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
margarida 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
margem 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
marido 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
mármore 84.1 0.025 79.2 89
marreta 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
marujo 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
máscara 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
mascate 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
massa 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
matemática 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
matéria 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
material 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
materialização 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
matraca 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
maturação 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
maturidade 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
mecanismo 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
médico 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
meditação 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
melhoria 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
melodia 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
membro 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
memorando 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4
memória 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
menopausa 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
mentalidade 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8
mentira 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
mercadoria 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
mérito 90 0.020 86 94
mesada 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
mestiçagem 85.9 0.024 81.3 90.5
mestre 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
meta 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
metabolismo 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
metade 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
metal 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
método 87.3 0.023 82.8 91.7
metrô 69.1 0.031 62.9 75.2
mexerica 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
mico 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
microlitro 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
mictório 82.3 0.026 77.2 87.4
migração 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
migrante 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
milênio 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
minicrônica 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4
minidicionário 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
ministro 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
miocardiopatia 77.7 0.028 72.2 83.3
miscigenação 90 0.020 86 94
miséria 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
mistério 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
mistura 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
mitomania 87.7 0.022 83.4 92.1
mobilidade 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
mobilização 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
moda 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
modernização 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
moeda 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
moleque 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
moléstia 72.7 0.030 66.8 78.7
monografia 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
montanhismo 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
morada 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
moral 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
morcego 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
morte 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
mosca 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
motim 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4
motocicleta 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
motor 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
motorista 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
multiplicação 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
mural 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
muralha 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
murmúrio 82.7 0.026 77.7 87.8
murundu 85 0.024 80.2 89.8
musaranho 82.3 0.026 77.2 87.4
músculo 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
museu 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
nação 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
nambu 90.9 0.019 87.1 94.7
namorado 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
nariz 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
nascimento 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
natação 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
naturalidade 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
naufrágio 90.9 0.019 87.1 94.7
necessidade 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
néctar 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
negação 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
negociação 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
neném 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
neto 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
ninho 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
níquel 63.6 0.033 57.2 70
noção 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
nojo 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
norma 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
noticiário 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
novela 100 0.000 - -
nuca 82.7 0.026 77.7 87.8
nuvem 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
objetividade 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
objetivo 100 0.000 - -
objeto 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
observação 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
observatório 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
obstáculo 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
obtenção 87.7 0.022 83.4 92.1
ocasião 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
óculos 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
odor 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
ofício 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
óleo 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
olimpíada 83.6 0.025 78.7 88.6
ombro 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
omissão 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
onça 100 0.000 - -
onda 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
opção 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
oposição 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
oração 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
órfão 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8
organização 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
organograma 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
origem 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
orixá 53.6 0.034 47 60.3
ortopedia 75 0.029 69.2 80.8
osso 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
ouro 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
ovelha 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
ovo 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
oxigênio 85.5 0.024 80.8 90.1
padeiro 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
página 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
painel 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
paisagem 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4
paixão 100 0.000 - -
palacete 85.5 0.024 80.8 90.1
palco 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
paleontólogo 70.9 0.031 64.9 77
paletó 71.4 0.031 65.3 77.4
palha 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
palhaço 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
palmada 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
pálpebra 70.5 0.031 64.4 76.5
panela 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
pano 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
panorama 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
pão 100 0.000 - -
papo 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
par 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
parabéns 100 0.000 - -
paradigma 88.6 0.021 84.4 92.9
paraíso 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
paralama 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
paralelepípedo 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
parâmetro 62.3 0.033 55.8 68.7
parceria 86.8 0.023 82.3 91.3
parede 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
parente 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
paróquia 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
parque 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
passagem 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
passarela 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
pata 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
pátio 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
pato 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
patrimônio 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
patroa 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
pavão 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
pecado 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
pecador 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
pedaço 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
pedra 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
peixaria 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
peixe 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
pente 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
percepção 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
percevejo 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
percurso 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
perdão 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
performance 79.5 0.027 74.2 84.9
periferia 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
perímetro 83.2 0.025 78.2 88.2
período 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
permanganato 82.7 0.026 77.7 87.7
permeabilidade 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
permissão 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
personalidade 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
perspectiva 80.9 0.027 75.7 86.1
perturbação 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
pescaria 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
pescoço 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
pétala 81.8 0.026 76.7 87
pijama 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
pinacoteca 88.2 0.022 83.9 92.5
pincel 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
pingente 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
pintura 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
pique 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
pires 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
piscina 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
planalto 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
planeta 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
planilha 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
plantação 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
plantão 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
plenitude 90 0.020 86 94
100 0.000 - -
poesia 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
polícia 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
poluição 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
ponte 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
pontuação 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
porão 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
porção 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
posição 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
posse 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4
potássio 89.1 0.021 84.9 93.2
potência 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
povoado 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
praga 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
prática 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
prato 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
prazer 100 0.000 - -
prazo 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
preceito 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
preço 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
preconceito 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
prefeito 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
preguiça 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
prejuízo 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
prêmio 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
premonição 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8
preocupação 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
preparação 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
preposição 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
preservação 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
presídio 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
prestação 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
prestígio 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
pretensão 84.5 0.024 79.7 89.4
pretexto 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
primo 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
princesa 100 0.000 - -
princípio 90 0.020 86 94
prisão 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
privilégio 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
proa 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
procedimento 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
processamento 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
profissão 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
proibição 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
projetor 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
prolongamento 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
promessa 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
propaganda 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
proporção 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
propriedade 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
protagonista 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
proteção 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
provedor 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
providência 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
província 88.6 0.021 84.4 92.9
prudência 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8
psicologia 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
psicoterapeuta 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
puberdade 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
publicidade 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
pudor 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
pulmão 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
pulseira 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
punho 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
punição 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
pupila 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4
pureza 100 0.000 - -
quadra 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
quadrimotor 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
quantidade 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
quarto 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
queimadura 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
quilocaloria 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4
quilombola 77.3 0.028 71.7 82.9
quilômetro 85 0.024 80.2 89.8
quimera 67.7 0.032 61.5 74
quintal 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
quiosque 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
quociente 84.1 0.025 79.2 89
rabo 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
raciocínio 87.3 0.023 82.8 91.7
rádio 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
rainha 100 0.000 - -
raio 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
raiva 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
raiz 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
ramo 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
rapel 87.3 0.023 82.8 91.7
rapidez 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
raspão 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
realismo 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
realização 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
recebimento 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
receita 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
reclamação 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
reconhecimento 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
reconstrução 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
recreação 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
redação 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
rede 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
redoma 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
redor 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
redução 100 0.000 - -
referência 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
reflexão 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
reflexo 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
refrigerante 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
regência 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1
regime 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
regulamento 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
rei 100 0.000 - -
reivindicação 85 0.024 80.2 89.8
relatividade 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
religião 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
remédio 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
remetente 83.6 0.025 78.7 88.6
remuneração 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
renda 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
rendimento 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
repercussão 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
repórter 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
representação 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
república 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
reputação 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
resignação 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
resolução 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
respiração 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
responsabilidade 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
retenção 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
reticência 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
retórica 90.9 0.019 87.1 94.7
retratação 85.9 0.024 81.3 90.5
reunião 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
reverência 90 0.020 86 94
revisão 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
revistaria 81.8 0.026 76.7 87
revitalização 83.6 0.025 78.7 88.6
revolução 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
riacho 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
ribeirão 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
rim 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
riqueza 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
risoto 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
rito 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
roça 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
romance 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
rosto 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
roteiro 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
rotina 100 0.000 - -
rótula 86.8 0.023 82.3 91.3
ruído 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
sabedoria 100 0.000 - -
sabonete 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
sabor 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
sacanagem 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
saco 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
sacola 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
sacrilégio 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
saguão 89.5 0.021 85.5 93.6
salário 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
salsicha 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
sangue 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
sapato 100 0.000 - -
sapo 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
sarau 90.9 0.019 87.1 94.7
sargento 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
satélite 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
saudade 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4
seção 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
secretaria 85 0.024 80.2 89.8
sedução 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
seio 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
selva 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
semáforo 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
sensação 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8
sensibilidade 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
sentença 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8
sentimento 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
sequência 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
setor 100 0.000 - -
sexualidade 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4
shopping 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
sílaba 90 0.020 86 94
símbolo 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
simulação 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
sinal 100 0.000 - -
sindicato 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
sino 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
sinônimo 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8
sinopse 82.7 0.026 77.7 87.8
sintaxe 60.9 0.033 54.4 67.4
síntese 62.3 0.033 55.8 68.7
sintoma 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
sisal 70.5 0.031 64.4 76.5
sismologia 84.1 0.025 79.2 89
sobremesa 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
sobrevivência 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
sócio 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
sociologia 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
sociólogo 75 0.029 69.2 80.8
soda 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
solicitude 89.1 0.021 84.9 93.2
solidão 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
solidariedade 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
solo 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
som 100 0.000 - -
sono 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
sopa 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
sotaque 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
submissão 87.3 0.023 82.8 91.7
subordinação 90.9 0.019 87.1 94.7
substância 94.1 0.016 91 97.2
sucesso 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
sugestão 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
suicídio 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
sujeito 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
suor 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
superioridade 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8
suporte 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
suspeição 85.9 0.024 81.3 90.5
sutiã 91.8 0.019 88.2 95.5
talão 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
talento 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
talher 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
taverna 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
táxi 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
teatro 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
tecido 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
telecomunicação 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
telefonema 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
televisor 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
telhado 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
temperatura 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
tempestade 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
tendência 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
tensão 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
tentativa 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
término 74.1 0.030 68.3 79.9
terreno 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
terror 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
tese 83.6 0.025 78.7 88.6
tesoura 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
teste 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
tigela 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
tigre 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
timidez 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
tímpano 75.9 0.029 70.2 81.6
tinta 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
tiragem 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
tiroteio 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
título 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
toalha 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
tolice 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
tom 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
torneira 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
torpor 90.5 0.020 86.5 94.4
torre 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
tostão 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
totalidade 92.7 0.018 89.3 96.2
tradutor 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
transferência 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
transmissão 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
transplante 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
transporte 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
trapézio 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
travesseiro 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
travessura 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
trecho 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
treinamento 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
trem 100 0.000 - -
tremor 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
tribo 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
tronco 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
trono 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
truque 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
tubo 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
túmulo 93.6 0.016 90.4 96.9
túnel 85.9 0.024 81.3 90.5
turismo 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
turista 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
tutor 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
união 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
uniformidade 92.3 0.018 88.7 95.8
universo 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
urgência 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
urubu 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
vaca 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
valorização 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
vantagem 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
vapor 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
varanda 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
vaso 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
vazante 87.7 0.022 83.4 92.1
vegetação 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
veia 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
veículo 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
velocidade 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
vendedor 93.2 0.017 89.8 96.5
veneno 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
verbo 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
verdura 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
veredicto 77.7 0.028 72.2 83.3
verme 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
veterinária 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
vídeo 98.2 0.009 96.4 100
vidro 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
viela 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
vigilância 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
vigor 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
viola 100 0.000 - -
violação 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
violeiro 96.8 0.012 94.5 99.2
violência 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
violino 99.1 0.006 97.8 100
vírgula 94.5 0.015 91.5 97.6
virilidade 95 0.015 92.1 97.9
virtude 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
vírus 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
visitante 95.5 0.014 92.7 98.2
vítima 97.7 0.010 95.7 99.7
viveiro 97.3 0.011 95.1 99.4
vivência 98.6 0.008 97.1 100
vizinhança 96.4 0.013 93.9 98.9
volume 99.5 0.005 98.6 100
vômito 87.3 0.023 82.8 91.7
vulto 95.9 0.013 93.3 98.5
xale 88.6 0.021 84.4 92.9
zoneamento 91.4 0.019 87.6 95.1
zoonose 88.6 0.021 84.4 92.9

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To Professor Dr. Jair Lício Ferreira Santos for the statistical work. To Professor Maria Derci da Silva Nóbrega for her contribution in the development of the word database. To Irene Marques de Oliveira for help in setting up the database. To Alina Cappelazzo and Alexandra Beatriz Portes de Cerqueira César for their help in the data collection, and to the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq).

  • Study carried out at the Faculty of Philosophy and Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP - Marília (SP), Brazil.
  • This work is part of the doctoral thesis, in progress, titled “Translation and cultural adaptation of the evaluation of the reading processes (PROLEC-SE R) for students in Basic Education cycle II and Senior High School”, by Adriana Marques de Oliveira, under the supervision of Professor Dr. Simone Aparecida Capellini, of the Postgraduate Program in Education, of the Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências of the Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – FFC/Unesp/ Marília – SP, Brazil. This work was presented in the form of a simple abstract and was expanded at the XXIII Brazilian Congress and IX International Congress in Speech Therapy: Interdisciplinarity in Speech Therapy, Salvador, State of Bahia, 2015.
  • Financial support: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq), process n. 140363/2013-0.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    12 Dec 2016
  • Date of issue
    Nov-Dec 2016

History

  • Received
    03 Mar 2016
  • Accepted
    02 May 2016
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