Which cognitive and linguistc factors influence phonological processing in adolescents?

Jesus, Luciana Cássia de; Alves, Luciana Mendonça; Martins-Reis, Vanessa de Oliveira

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Original Article • CoDAS 34 (1) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20212020158 copy

Which cognitive and linguistc factors influence phonological processing in adolescents?

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Purpose

To characterize phonological processing of adolescents and to identify language skills and cognitive functions that influence their age group.

Methods

83 typical adolescents aged from 11 to 16 years of age participated in the research. Phonological awareness tests, rapid automatic naming, neuropsychological assessment and reading were used. Descriptive analysis and linear regression were carried out with a 5% significance level.

Results

Regarding phonological processing, a lower performance was found in the phonemic segmentation task, longer times for object naming and performance as were expected for working memory of the age range. There was a reciprocal association between rapid naming of objects, letters and working memory, between rapid naming of letters and phonological awareness. Executive functions and attention influence working memory and phonological awareness. Semantic episodic verbal memory influenced working memory and reading, phonological awareness.

Conclusion

The performance in phonological processing was influenced by linguistic and cognitive skills which suggests they are still improving in adolescents.

Keywords
Language; Language Tests; Cognition; Mental Processes; Adolescents

	Object naming				Letter naming
Variable	β	S.E. ¹ 1 Calculated using the HC estimator;	C.I - 95%¹	p ¹	β	S.E.¹	C.I - 95%¹	p ¹
Working memory	-0.97	0.34	[-1.64; -0.30]	0.005	-0.11	0.10	[-0.30; 0.09]	0.275
Operating memory (adequate)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Working memory (inappropriate)	12.37	4.93	[2.71; 22.04]	0.012	2.41	1.22	[0.02; 4.80]	0.048
Phonological awareness	-0.62	0.16	[-0.93; -0.31]	< 0.001	-0.28	0.06	[-0.39; -0.16]	< 0.001
Letter naming	1.45	0.25	[0.97; 1.93]	< 0.001	-	-	-	-
Object naming	-	-	-	-	0.24	0.04	[0.16; 0.32]	< 0.001
Reading fluency	-0.12	0.03	[-0.18; -0.06]	< 0.001	-0.05	0.01	[-0.07; -0.03]	< 0.001
Text comprehension	-2.01	0.52	[-3.03; -0.98]	< 0.001	-0.73	0.18	[-1.09; -0.37]	< 0.001
Episodic-semantic verbal memory	-0.33	0.42	[-1.14; 0.49]	0.430	-0.24	0.15	[-0.54; 0.06]	0.124
Verbal episodic-semantic M.(adequate)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Episodic-semantic verbal M. (inappropriate)	2.80	2.96	[-3.00; 8.61]	0.343	2.55	1.25	[0.10; 5.00]	0.042
Oral language tasks	-4.49	1.73	[-7.89; -1.09]	0.010	-1.27	0.57	[-2.38; -0.16]	0.025
Oral language tasks (appropriate)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Oral language tasks (inadequate)	8.59	5.38	[-1.96; 19.13]	0.111	2.43	1.48	[-0.48; 5.34]	0.101
Executive functions tasks	-2.44	0.61	[-3.64; -1.24]	< 0.001	-0.72	0.26	[-1.23; -0.21]	0.006
Attention	-0.62	0.33	[-1.28; 0.03]	0.063	-0.16	0.08	[-0.31; -0.01]	0.037
Attention (appropriate)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Attention (inappropriate)	9.62	5.77	[-1.68; 20.92]	0.095	1.82	1.22	[-0.58; 4.21]	0.137

	Object naming								Letter naming
Variable	Initial model				Final model				Initial model
	β	S.E. ¹ 1 HC estimator;	C.I - 95%¹	p ¹	β	S.E.¹	C.I - 95%¹	p ¹	β	S.E.¹	C.I - 95%¹	p ¹
Working memory	-0.80	0.33	[-1.44; -0.15]	0.015	-0.72	0.26	[-1.24; -0.21]	0.006
Phonological awareness	0.12	0.17	[-0.21; 0.44]	0.489	-	-	-	-	-0.12	0.08	[-0.27; 0.03]	0.105
Operating memory (adequate)									-	-	-	-
Working memory (inappropriate)									-0.47	1.21	[-2.85; 1.91]	0.698
Episodic-semantic verbal memory									-0.19	0.15	[-0.48; 0.09]	0.182
Episodic-semantic verbal memory (adequate)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Episodic-semantic verbal memory (inappropriate)	-4.30	2.53	[-9.25; 0.66]	0.089	-	-	-	-
Letter naming	1.11	0.23	[0.65; 1.56]	<0.001	1.05	0.20	[0.65; 1.44]	<0.001
Object naming									0.18	0.05	[0.08; 0.28]	<0.001
Reading fluency	-0.04	0.02	[-0.08; 0.00]	0.032	-0.04	0.02	[-0.07; 0.00]	0.051	-0.02	0.01	[-0.04; 0.00]	0.016
Text comprehension	-0.77	0.44	[-1.62; 0.09]	0.078	-0.73	0.38	[-1.48; 0.03]	0.058	-0.10	0.22	[-0.53; 0.34]	0.667
Oral language tasks	-1.51	0.99	[-3.46; 0.43]	0.127	-	-	-	-	-0.06	0.46	[-0.96; 0.84]	0.897
Executive functions tasks	0.04	0.62	[-1.18; 1.25]	0.951	-	-	-	-	-0.01	0.26	[-0.53; 0.50]	0.958
Attention	0.10	0.22	[-0.34; 0.53]	0.668	-	-	-	-	0.11	0.10	[-0.08; 0.31]	0.244
R²		46.21%				48.16%			37.21%
VIF Maximum		1.79				1.36			1.67

	Score				Performance rating
Variable	β	S.E. ¹ 1 Calculated using the HC estimator;	C.I - 95%¹	p ¹	β	S.E.¹	C.I - 95%¹	p ¹	O.R.
Letter naming	-0.12	0.11	[-0.34; 0.1]	0.297	0.10	0.06	[-0.01; 0.21]	0.074	1.11
Phonological awareness	0.17	0.08	[0.01; 0.33]	0.041	-0.06	0.04	[-0.14; 0.01]	0.113	0.94
Object naming	-0.17	0.05	[-0.27; -0.07]	0.001	0.08	0.02	[0.03; 0.12]	0.001	1.08
Reading fluency	0.02	0.01	[-0.01; 0.04]	0.190	-0.01	0.01	[-0.03; 0.01]	0.274	0.99
Text comprehension	0.41	0.22	[-0.02; 0.83]	0.060	-0.26	0.13	[-0.51; -0.01]	0.043	0.77
Episodic-semantic verbal memory	0.50	0.13	[0.25; 0.74]	<0.001	-0.17	0.10	[-0.37; 0.04]	0.107	0.85
Episodic-semantic verbal memory (adequate)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Episodic-semantic verbal memory (inappropriate)	-3.28	1.15	[-5.54; -1.02]	0.004	0.97	0.62	[-0.25; 2.19]	0.118	2.64
Oral language tasks	1.70	0.82	[0.09; 3.3]	0.039	-0.69	0.38	[-1.44; 0.06]	0.072	0.50
Oral language tasks (adequate)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Oral language tasks (inappropriate)	-3.14	2.36	[-7.76; 1.48]	0.183	2.28	0.73	[0.86; 3.7]	0.002	9.77
Executive functions tasks	1.35	0.25	[0.87; 1.83]	<0.001	-0.49	0.18	[-0.84; -0.14]	0.006	0.61
Attention	0.52	0.10	[0.33; 0.72]	<0.001	-0.19	0.05	[-0.28; -0.1]	<0.001	0.83
Attention (adequate)	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Attention (inappropriate)	-6.43	1.98	[-10.31; -2.55]	0.001	1.60	0.76	[0.11; 3.1]	0.035	4.98

	Score								Performance rating
Variable	Initial model				Final model				Initial model
	β	S.E. ¹ 1 Calculated using the HC estimator;	C.I - 95%¹	p ¹	β	S.E.¹	C.I - 95%¹	p ¹	β	S.E.¹
Phonological awareness	-0.04	0.07	[-0.18; 0.09]	0.397	-	-	-	-	0.05	0.05
Letter naming									-0.06	0.11
Object naming	-0.12	0.04	[-0.19; -0.05]	0.001	-0.09	0.04	[-0.17; -0.01]	0.034	0.08	0.04
Episodic-semantic verbal M.	0.32	0.09	[0.14; 0.51]	<0.001	0.33	0.09	[0.14; 0.51]	<0.001
Reading fluency	-0.01	0.01	[-0.03; 0.01]	0.369	-	-	-	-	0.00	0.01
Text comprehension	-0.31	0.17	[-0.64; 0.03]	0.060	-	-	-	-	0.03	0.19
Oral language tasks	0.50	0.54	[-0.57; 1.56]	0.344	-	-	-	-	-0.39	0.48
Executive functions tasks	1.00	0.26	[0.48; 1.51]	<0.001	0.83	0.25	[0.34; 1.32]	0.001	-0.53	0.35
Attention	0.37	0.08	[0.21; 0.54]	<0.001	0.34	0.08	[0.2; 0.49]	<0.001	-0.17	0.06
R²	45,39%				43,47%					42,32%
VIF Maximum	1.59				1.17					2.06

	Univariate analysis				Multivariate analysis
					Initial model				Final model
Variable	β	S.E. ¹ 1 HC estimator;	C.I - 95%¹	p ¹	β	S.E.¹	C.I - 95%¹	p ¹	β	S.E.¹	C.I - 95%¹	p ¹
letter naming	-0.50	0.12	[-0.74; -0.27]	< 0.001	-0.21	0.13	[-0.47; 0.06]	0.125	-0.37	0.10	[-0.57; -0.17]	< 0.001
Operating memory (adequate)	-	-	-	-
Working memory (inappropriate)	-2.82	1.65	[-6.06; 0.42]	0.088
working memory	0.28	0.11	[0.07; 0.50]	0.010	-0.12	0.16	[-0.44; 0.19]	0.444	-	-	-	-
object naming	-0.18	0.05	[-0.28; -0.09]	< 0.001	0.00	0.06	[-0.11; 0.12]	0.947	-	-	-	-
reading fluency	0.05	0.01	[0.03; 0.07]	< 0.001	0.02	0.01	[-0.01; 0.04]	0.198	-	-	-	-
text comprehension	1.06	0.23	[0.62; 1.51]	< 0.001	0.43	0.24	[-0.05; 0.91]	0.077	-	-	-	-
episodic-semantic verbal memory	0.09	0.17	[-0.25; 0.43]	0.592
Episodic-semantic verbal memory (adequate)	-	-	-	-
Episodic-semantic verbal memory (inappropriate)	-0.03	1.52	[-3.02; 2.95]	0.983
oral language tasks	1.89	0.64	[0.64; 3.15]	0.003	0.65	0.64	[-0.60; 1.90]	0.310	-	-	-	-
Oral language tasks (adequate)	-	-	-	-
Oral language tasks (inappropriate)	-4.28	2.40	[-8.97; 0.42]	0.074
Executive functions tasks	1.40	0.40	[0.62; 2.19]	< 0.001	0.71	0.43	[-0.13; 1.55]	0.097	0.87	0.42	[0.04; 1.70]	0.039
Heads up	0.50	0.09	[0.32; 0.69]	< 0.001	0.34	0.12	[0.11; 0.57]	0.004	0.37	0.10	[0.17; 0.57]	< 0.001
Attention (adequate)	-	-	-	-
Attention (inappropriate)	-6.04	1.85	[-9.67; -2.42]	0.001
R²					27.38%				26.36%
VIF Maximum					2.09				1.11

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[1] Conflict of interests: nothing to declare.