AudBility: an online program for central auditory processing screening in school-aged children from 6 to 8 years old

Carvalho, Nádia Giulian de; Amaral, Maria Isabel Ramos do; Colella-Santos, Maria Francisca

doi:10.1590/2317-1782/20232022011

Nádia Giulian de Carvalho

collection

analysis

interpretation of data and writing of the article

Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde, Interdisciplinaridade e Reabilitação, Departamento de Desenvolvimento Humano e Reabilitação - DDHR, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP - Campinas (SP), Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2475-0095

Maria Isabel Ramos do Amaral

designing the study

critical analysis of the data and approval of the final version

Departamento de Desenvolvimento Humano e Reabilitação - DDHR, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP - Campinas (SP), Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6909-3597

Maria Francisca Colella-Santos

analysis processes

data interpretation and guidance in writing and approval of the final version

Departamento de Desenvolvimento Humano e Reabilitação - DDHR, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP - Campinas (SP), Brasil.

Centro de Investigação em Pediatria, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP - Campinas (SP), Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7456-9502

Conflict of interests: nothing to declare.

Correspondence address: Nádia Giulian de Carvalho Departamento de Desenvolvimento Humano e Reabilitação, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP Rua Albert Sabin, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas (SP), Brasil, CEP: 13083-894. E-mail: nadiagiulian@gmail.com

Figures (2)
Tables (5)

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Figure 1
Examples of illustrations of auditory tasks

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Figure 2
Example of question 1 of the questionnaire - additional questions in ^{Appendix B} Appendix B Questionnaire auditory processing self perception (QAPAC) Child name: _______________________________ School year: ____________ Please answer based on your experience. If you are not sure, refer to comments you have heard about yourself. Each question should be evaluated based on how often the situation occurs or not. 1. You are in a classroom or environment where people are talking. Do you have difficulty hearing or understanding what the teacher is saying? FREQUENT OFTEN SOMETIMES SELDOM NEVER 2. The teacher or a person is speaking with you very fast. Do you have difficulty understanding what the teacher says? FREQUENT OFTEN SOMETIMES SELDOM NEVER 3. The teacher or a person is giving you oral instructions (explanations). Do you have difficulty following the oral instructions? FREQUENT OFTEN SOMETIMES SELDOM NEVER 4. The teacher or a person is talking to you in a quiet environment. Do you have difficulty hearing and understanding clearly the words without exchanging any letters? FREQUENT OFTEN SOMETIMES SELDOM NEVER 5. When the teacher or a friend is talking to you. Do you feel that sometimes you hear well and sometimes not? FREQUENT OFTEN SOMETIMES SELDOM NEVER 6. You are in the classroom or school yard and someone calls out your name. Do you have difficulty noticing where the sound comes from? FREQUENT OFTEN SOMETIMES SELDOM NEVER 7. The teacher or a person is talking to you. Do you ask them to repeat what they said? FREQUENT OFTEN SOMETIMES SELDOM NEVER 8. You are in the classroom. Do you get easily distracted? FREQUENT OFTEN SOMETIMES SELDOM NEVER 9. Last year at school. Did you have learning difficulties? FREQUENT OFTEN SOMETIMES SELDOM NEVER 10. You are doing an assignment. Do you have difficulty focusing? FREQUENT OFTEN SOMETIMES SELDOM NEVER 11. When you are in the classroom or at home. Do people say you daydream or are inattentive? FREQUENT OFTEN SOMETIMES SELDOM NEVER 12. When you are at school or at home. Are you disorganized? FREQUENT OFTEN SOMETIMES SELDOM NEVER

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Table 1
Descriptive values and comparative analysis of the performance of male and female children in the AudBility tasks

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Table 2
Descriptive values and comparative analysis of the performance between age groups in the AudBility tasks

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Table 3
Comparative analysis between age pairs in AudBility tasks

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Table 4
Descriptive values and comparative analysis between the sides of the ears in relation to performance in AudBility

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Table 5
Cuttof point performance for schoolchildren aged 6 to 8 years old in the AudBility tasks

Tasks	Gender	Average	SD	Median	Min.	Max.	p
SL (%)	Female	84.40	13.43	90.00	40.00	100	0.467
SL (%)	Male	86.30	11.99	90.00	60.00	100	0.467
AC - RE (%)	Female	92.40	10.41	100	50.00	100	0.846
AC - RE (%)	Male	92.83	11.09	100	60.00	100	0.846
AC -LE (%)	Female	90.60	16.71	100	20.00	100	0.538
AC -LE (%)	Male	92.39	10.79	100	50.00	100	0.538
TR - Threshold (ms)	Female	4.96	3.34	4.00	4.00	20.00	0.654
TR - Threshold (ms)	Male	4.67	2.84	4.00	4.00	20.00	0.654
DD -RE (%)	Female	89.00	9.74	90.00	65.00	100	0.017 ^* * Statistically significant value at the 5% level (p ≤ 0.05)
DD -RE (%)	Male	93.16	6.78	95.00	75.00	100
DD -LE (%)	Female	85.8	13.52	90.00	45.00	100	0.695
DD -LE (%)	Male	84.78	11.68	90.00	50.00	100	0.695
FG - RE (%)	Female	86.60	15.99	90.00	10.00	100	0.603
FG - RE (%)	Male	88.04	10.25	90.00	50.00	100	0.603
FG - LE (%)	Female	85.00	15.81	90.00	30.00	100	0.318
FG - LE (%)	Male	87.83	11.14	90.00	40.00	100	0.318
TO-F - RE (%)	Female	75.60	26.89	80.00	0.00	100	0.122
TO-F - RE (%)	Male	83.48	22.03	90.00	0.00	100	0.122
TO-F - LE (%)	Female	70.40	25.95	80.00	0.00	100	0.152
TO-F - LE (%)	Male	77.83	24.30	80.00	0.00	100	0.152
TO-D - RE (%)	Female	32.80	27.92	30.00	0.00	100	0.530
TO-D - RE (%)	Male	36.52	29.90	20.00	0.00	100	0.530
TO-D - LE (%)	Female	28.40	27.43	20.00	0.00	100	0.434
TO-D - LE (%)	Male	33.04	30.47	20.00	0.00	100	0.434
QAPAC	Female	47.04	7.53	50.00	27.00	56.00	0.196
QAPAC	Male	45.13	6.78	45.00	31.00	59.00	0.196

Tasks	Age	Average	SD	Median	Min.	Max.	p
SL (%)	6	83.25	13.47	85.00	40.00	100	0.087
	7	83.16	10.57	80.00	70.00	100
	8	88.65	12.51	90.00	60.00	100
AC- RE (%)	6	90.50	10.85	90.00	50.00	100	< 0.001
	7	88.42	13.02	90.00	60.00	100
	8	97.03	7.40	100	70.00	100
AC -LE (%)	6	85.75	18.80	90.00	20.00	100	< 0.001
	7	91.58	8.34	90.00	80.00	100
	8	97.57	5.97	100	70.00	100
TR - Threshold (ms)	6	5.83	4.62	4.00	4.00	20.00	0.127
	7	4.11	0.46	4.00	4.00	6.00
	8	4.11	0.46	4.00	4.00	6.00
DD - RE (%)	6	87.00	9.40	87.50	65.00	100	0.001 ^* * Statistically significant value at the 5% level (p ≤ 0.05)
	7	93.16	6.28	95.00	75.00	100
	8	94.18	7.22	95.00	70.00	100
DD - LE (%)	6	78.62	13.92	85.00	45.00	95.00	< 0.001
	7	86.84	10.96	90.00	50.00	95.00
	8	91.76	7.56	95.00	65.00	100
FG - RE (%)	6	83.25	16.07	90.00	10.00	100	0.020*
	7	88.95	11.97	90.00	50.00	100
	8	90.81	9.83	90.00	60.00	100
FG - LE (%)	6	82.75	16.64	90.00	30.00	100	0.058
	7	89.47	13.11	90.00	40.00	100
	8	88.65	9.48	90.00	60.00	100
TO-F - RE (%)	6	70.00	30.04	80.00	0.00	100	0.013*
	7	82.11	19.88	80.00	40.00	100
	8	88.11	16.64	100	40.00	100
TO-F - LE (%)	6	61.00	26.00	60.00	0.00	100	< 0.001
	7	72.63	21.30	80.00	20.00	100
	8	88.65	17.98	100	40.00	100
TO-D - RE (%)	6	18.00	17.42	20.00	0.00	60.00	< 0.001
	7	31.58	29.30	20.00	0.00	100
	8	54.05	27.02	60.00	0.00	100
TO-D - LE (%)	6	17.00	20.53	20.00	0.00	80.00	< 0.001
	7	34.74	32.55	20.00	0.00	100
	8	43.24	28.87	40.00	0.00	100
QAPAC	6	45.68	7.26	46.00	30.00	56.00	0.828
	7	46.89	7.91	49.00	33.00	59.00
	8	46.22	6.94	47.00	27.00	56.00

Tasks	Post-hoc analysis - Pair comparison
	6 x 7		6 x 8		7 x 8
	p	E.S.	p	E.S.	p	E.S.
AC - RE (%)	> 0.999	0.051	0.002 ^* * Statistically significant value at the 5% level (p ≤ 0.05)	0.393	0.005*	0.423
AC -LE (%)	> 0.999	0.090	< 0.001*	0.480	0.019*	0.364
DD - RE (%)	0.059	0.304	< 0.001*	0.431	> 0.999	0.101
DD - LE (%)	0.084	0.286	< 0.001*	0.548	0.261	0.229
FG - RE (%)	0.221	0.233	0.022*	0.305	> 0.999	0.053
TO-F - RE (%)	0.551	0.173	0.010*	0.334	0.869	0.142
TO-F - LE (%)	0.457	0.186	< 0.001*	0.587	0.018*	0.368
TO-D - RE (%)	0.339	0.206	< 0.001*	0.617	0.015*	0.376
TO-D - LE (%)	0.096	0.279	< 0.001*	0.472	0.653	0.165

Tasks	Ear	Average	SD	Median	Min.	Max.	p
AC (%)	Right	92.60	10.69	100	50.00	100	0.364
AC (%)	Left	91.46	14.14	100	20.00	100	0.364
DD (%)	Right	90.98	8.66	95.00	65.00	100	< 0.001 ^* * Statistically significant value at the 5% level (p ≤ 0.05)
DD (%)	Left	85.32	12.62	90.00	45.00	100
FG (%)	Right	87.29	13.49	90.00	10.00	100	0.424
FG (%)	Left	86.35	13.77	90.00	30.00	100	0.424
TO-F (%)	Right	79.38	24.87	80.00	0.00	100	0.019*
TO-F (%)	Left	73.96	25.32	80.00	0.00	100	0.019*
TO-D (%)	Right	34.58	28.80	20.00	0.00	100	0.084
TO-D (%)	Left	30.63	28.87	20.00	0.00	100	0.084

Tasks (AudBility)	Cutoff point-based roc curve(¹⁸18 Carvalho NG, Amaral MIR, Colella-Santos MF. AudBility: effectiveness of an online central auditory processing screening program. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0256593. PMid:34460841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0... )		Cutoff point - Average - 1 SD DP		Variation of pass/fail criteria
Tasks (AudBility)	6 to 7 years old	8 years old	6 to 7 years old	8 years old
Sonorous localization (%)	-	-	71.78	81.22	2-3 errors
Auditory closure (%)	85	-	-	92.23	1-2 errors
Temporal Resolution - Threshold (ms)	5 ms	5 ms	-	-	threshold 5 ms
Figure-ground (%)	75	85	-	-	2-3 errors
Digits - Binaural Integration - RE ♀ (%)	77.5	-	-	89.80	6 errors- female
Digits - Binaural Integration - RE ♂ (%)	-	80	85.71	-	4 errors -male
Digits - Binaural Integration - LE ♀ (%)	72.5	87.5	-	-
Digits - Binaural Integration - LE ♂ (%)	87.5	-	-	86.07
Temporal Ordering Frequency - RE (%)	70	50	-	-	1- 2 errors
Temporal Ordering Frequency - LE (%)	70	90	-	-
Temporal Ordering Duration (%)	-	-	2.46	28.77

[1] Conflict of interests: nothing to declare.

Brasil

Brasil

AudBility: an online program for central auditory processing screening in school-aged children from 6 to 8 years old

AudBility: programa online para triagem do processamento auditivo central em escolares de 6 a 8 anos

ABSTRACT

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion