Adults |
Lazarus et al.(1515 Lazarus C, Logemann JA, Huang CF, Rademaker AW. Effects of two types of tongue strengthening exercises in young normals. Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2003;55(4):199-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000071019. PMid:12802092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000071019...
) |
Press the tongue against a tongue depressor or the IOPI bulb for 2s in four directions: left, right, protrusion, and elevation. |
4 |
10 repetitions in each direction, 5 times a day for 5 days a week |
Maximum contraction. |
Clark et al.(1616 Clark HM, O’Brien K, Calleja A, Corrie SN. Effects of directional exercise on lingual strength. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2009;52(4):1034-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0062). PMid:19641080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2009...
) |
Elevation: press the tongue against the hard palate |
9 |
Sequential training group: perform only the lifting exercise for 3 weeks, followed by 3 weeks of the protrusion exercise and another 3 weeks of the lateralization exercise. They completed 3 sets with 10 repetitions of each exercise, with the lateralization exercise performed 5 times to the right and 5 times to the left in each set. |
Maximum contraction. |
Protrusion: push the tongue against a blade positioned between the upper and lower incisors and stabilized with the support of the fingers |
Concurrent training group: a set of 10 repetitions of each exercise. |
Lateralization: push the lateral region of the tongue against a blade positioned between the maxillary and mandibular premolars. |
Both groups performed the exercises three times a day, every day. |
Clark(1414 Clark HM. Specificity of training in the lingual musculature. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2012;55(2):657-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2011/11-0045). PMid:22215031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2011...
) |
Strength: Press the anterior region of the tongue against the instrument bulb. Isotonic resistance: press the anterior region of the tongue against the instrument bulb several times. |
4 |
3 sessions per week. Strength: 5 sets of 5 repetitions. |
Strength: maximum contraction. |
Power: make the /t/ sound as fast as possible and press the instrument's bulb |
Isotonic resistance: 5 sets. Power: 5 sets of 10 reps |
Resistance: 75. |
Speed: repeat the /t/ sound several times and as fast as possible. |
Speed: 5 sets of 10s |
Power: 75. |
Arakawa et al.(1717 Arakawa I, Koide K, Takahashi M, Mizuhashi F. Effect of the tongue rotation exercise training on the oral functions in normal adults - Part 1 investigation of tongue pressure and labial closure strength. J Oral Rehabil. 2015;42(6):407-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joor.12271. PMid:25640889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joor.12271...
) |
Press the apex of the tongue against the gingivobuccal fold and rotate the tongue every 2s to the right and then to the left. |
12 |
20 rotations to the right and 20 to the left, once a day and every day of the week |
- |
Oh(1212 Oh JC. Effects of tongue strength training and detraining on tongue pressures in healthy adults. Dysphagia. 2015;30(3):315-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00455-015-9601-x. PMid:25840786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00455-015-960...
) |
Press the instrument bulb, positioned between the tongue and the hard palate, first with the anterior and then the posterior region of the tongue for 2s each. |
8 |
3 sessions per week |
1st week: 60. |
Lasting 30 min each. Rest of 10s between each repetition. |
Following weeks: 80. |
Yano et al.(1111 Yano J, Yamamoto-Shimizu S, Yokoyama T, Kumakura I, Hanayama K, Tsubahara A. Effects of anterior tongue strengthening exercises on posterior tongue strength in healthy young adults. Arch Oral Biol. 2019;98:238-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.11.028. PMid:30522043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio....
) |
Press the anterior region of the tongue against the hard palate. |
8 |
30 repetitions, three times a day, 3 days a week. |
1st week: 60. |
Following weeks: 80. |
Hwang et al.(1010 Hwang NK, Kim MJ, Lee G, Yoon T, Park JS, Jung Y. Effect of tongue-strengthening training combined with a tablet personal computer game in healthy adults. J Oral Rehabil. 2020;47(5):606-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joor.12944. PMid:32053221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joor.12944...
) |
G1: through a “feeding game”, the participant pressed the tongue against the instrument bulb at different intensities depending on the game situation. |
6 |
A 30min session 5 days a week |
G2: 70. |
G2: press the tongue against the IOPI bulb positioned on the hard palate. |
Lin et al.(1313 Lin CH, Chung SY, Lin CT, Hwu YJ. Effect of tongue-to-palate resistance training on tongue strength in healthy adults. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2021;48(1):116-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2020.07.014. PMid:32727703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2020.07....
) |
Press the instrument bulb with the anterior and then the posterior region of the tongue for 10s each. |
8 |
5 days a week, with each session lasting 30min 30 repetitions of an exercise for the anterior and posterior regions, respectively. |
- |
Elderly |
Robbins et al.(11 Robbins J, Gangnon RE, Theis SM, Kays SA, Hewitt AL, Hind JA. The effects of lingual exercise on swallowing in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(9):1483-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53467.x. PMid:16137276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.20...
) |
Pressing the tongue against the instrument bulb positioned between the tongue and the hard palate |
6 |
30 repetitions, 3 times a day 3 days a week |
First week: 60. |
Following weeks: 80. |
Van den Steen et al.(1919 Van den Steen L, Schellen C, Verstraelen K, Beeckman AS, Vanderwegen J, De Bodt M, et al. Tongue-strengthening exercises in healthy older adults: specificity of bulb position and detraining effects. Dysphagia. 2018;33(3):337-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00455-017-9858-3. PMid:29052051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00455-017-985...
) |
Press the anterior (G1) and posterior (G2) regions of the tongue against the bulb of the instrument positioned between the tongue and the hard palate |
8 |
3 sessions per week |
80 |
24 sets of 5 reps, with 30s rest between each set |
Namiki et al.(2222 Namiki C, Hara K, Tohara H, Kobayashi K, Chantaramanee A, Nakagawa K, et al. Tongue-pressure resistance training improves tongue and suprahyoid muscle functions simultaneously. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S194808. PMid:30962680. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S194808...
) |
Press the entire tongue against the hard palate as hard as possible for 10s |
4 |
2 sets with 5 repetitions each, with a 10s rest period between each repetition, twice a day, every day of the week. |
Maximum contraction |
Park et al.(22 Park JS, Lee SH, Jung SH, Choi JB, Jung YJ. Tongue strengthening exercise is effective in improving the oropharyngeal muscles associated with swallowing in community-dwelling older adults in South Korea: a randomized trial. Medicine. 2019;98(40):e17304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000017304. PMid:31577721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.00000000000...
) |
Isotonic exercise: pressing the tongue against the instrument bulb positioned between the tongue and the hard palate |
- |
Isotonic exercise: 3 sets of 30 repetitions per day |
70 |
Isometric exercise: press the tongue against the instrument bulb and keep the contraction for 30s |
Isometric exercise: 3 sets of 30s each per day |
Van den Steen et al.(2020 Van den Steen L, Vanderwegen J, Guns C, Elen R, De Bodt M, Van Nuffelen G. Tongue-strengthening exercises in healthy older adults: does exercise load matter? A randomized controlled trial. Dysphagia. 2019;34(3):315-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00455-018-9940-5. PMid:30209561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00455-018-994...
) |
Press the anterior and then the posterior region of the tongue against the bulb of the instrument positioned between the tongue and the hard palate |
8 |
3 sessions per week |
G1:100. |
24 sets of 5 reps (12 sets of each region), with 30s rest between each set |
G2: 80. |
G3:60. |
Lee et al.(2121 Lee KH, Jung ES, Choi YY. Effects of lingual exercises on oral muscle strength and salivar flow rate in elderly adults: a randomized clinical trial. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2020;20(7):697-703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13944. PMid:32489001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13944...
) |
Press the tongue against the instrument bulb positioned between the tongue and the hard palate |
8 |
30 times, 3 times a day 3 days a week |
- |
Szynkiewicz et al.(2323 Szynkiewicz SH, Kamarunas E, Drulia T, Nobriga CV, Griffin L, O’Donoghue CR. A randomized controlled trial comparing physical and mental lingual exercise for healthy older adults. Dysphagia. 2021;36(3):474-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00455-020-10164-5. PMid:32770381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00455-020-101...
) |
G1- Pressing the tongue as hard as possible against a tongue depressor, during elevation, protrusion, and lateralization |
6 |
3 sessions per week |
Maximum contraction |
G2- Exercise mentioned above combined with the mental practice of lingual exercises using motor images |
10 repetitions in each direction (protrusion, elevation, left lateralization, and right lateralization) 3 times a day |