Repetition of anchor stimuli and nature of vocal samples in the perceptual auditory judgment performed by speech-language pathology students

Bispo, Noemi de Oliveira; Yamasaki, Rosiane; Padovani, Marina Martins Pereira; Behlau, Mara

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Original Article • CoDAS 34 (4) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20212021064 copy

Repetition of anchor stimuli and nature of vocal samples in the perceptual auditory judgment performed by speech-language pathology students

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Purpose

Verify the effect of anchor repetition in the perceptual auditory judgement of the type of vocal deviation performed by speech-language pathology (SLP) students; analyze the correlation between the amount of different vocal dimensions in the same stimuli and accuracy; investigate the correlation between type of vocal deviation and accuracy.

Methods

54 SLP students were divided in two groups: Group with repetition (GwR), 28 students; and, Group with no repetition (GnR), 26 students. The analyzed sample counted with 220 dysphonic human voices, vowel /ε/. The GwR heard three anchor stimuli before the judgement and every 20 voices during the assessment. The GnR heard the anchor only before beginning the judgement. The anchor stimuli counted with one rough, one breathy and one strain voice. These classifications were compared with reference judgements from three expert SLPs. The intra and inter-rater reliability, the correlation between the amount of different vocal dimensions in the same stimuli and type of vocal deviation with accuracy were assessed.

Results

The accuracy between type of deviation was similar among groups. The GwR presented slightly higher intra and inter-rater reliability. The student’s accuracy was inversely proportional to the amount of different vocal dimensions in the stimuli. Breathiness presented the highest accuracy and strain presented the lowest accuracy.

Conclusion

The repetition of anchor stimuli improved intra and inter-rater reliability. However, it was not effective in the accuracy of the type of vocal deviation. The amount of different vocal dimensions in the stimuli have influence in the students’ accuracy.

Keywords
Voice; Voice Disorders; Dysphonia; Voice Quality; Auditory Perception

Variable	Groups	Number of vocal dimensions	Average	SD	Median	Min.	Max.	p-value	Post-hoc	p-value	r
Accuracy (%)	GnR	1	72.29	14.65	76.47	26.47	91.18	< 0.001^a ^* * statistically significant value at 5% (p ≤ 0.05)	1D x 2D	0.001	0.577
		2	50.70	6.46	49.62	37.40	64.89		1D x 3D	0.001	0.635
		3	48.46	9.61	51.43	31.43	65.71		2Dx 3D	0.999	0.058
	GwR	1	67.65	10.12	67.65	52.94	85.29	< 0.001^a*	1D x 2D	0.001	0.500
		2	49.54	6.25	50.00	35.88	61.83		1D x 3D	0.001	0.946
		3	41.94	7.93	42.86	28.57	54.29		2Dx 3D	0.003	0.446
	Total	1	69.88	12.61	73.53	26.47	91.18	< 0.001^b*	1D x 2D	0.001	1.569
		2	50.10	6.32	49.62	35.88	64.89		1D x 3D	0.001	1.967
		3	45.0	9.30	45.71	28.57	65.71		2Dx 3D	0.001	0.795

Step		b	β	p-value
Group With No Anchor Repetition – GnR
1	Constant	58.28	--	< 0.001 ^* * statistically significant value at 5% (p ≤ 0.05).
	Predominant type of voice deviation	-2.23	-0.083	0.240
	Predominant type of voice deviation	-5.81; 1.34	-0.083	0.240
2	Constant	88.61	--	< 0.001*
	Predominant type of voice deviation	-4.31	-0.161	0.019*
	Predominant type of voice deviation	-7.49; -0.96	-0.161	0.019*
	Number of altered dimensions	-13.13	-0.355	< 0.001*
	Number of altered dimensions	-18.11; -8.03	-0.355	< 0.001*
Group With Anchor Repetition – GwR
1	Constant	63.72	--	< 0.001*
1	Constant	56.04; 71.18	--	< 0.001*
	Predominant type of voice deviation	-6.46	-0.209	0.003*
	Predominant type of voice deviation	-10.75; -1.91	-0.209	0.003*
2	Constant	99.56	--	< 0.001*
2	Constant	85.52; 113.32	--	< 0.001*
	Predominant type of voice deviation	-8.92	-0.289	< 0.001*
	Predominant type of voice deviation	-12.54; -4.72	-0.289	< 0.001*
	Number of altered dimensions	-15.51	-0.363	< 0.001*
	Number of altered dimensions	-21.33; -9.73	-0.363	< 0.001*
Total
1	Constant	61.10	--	< 0.001*
	Predominant type of voice deviation	-4.42	-0.164	0.020*
	Predominant type of voice deviation	-8.32; -0.67	-0.164	0.020*
2	Constant	94.28	--	< 0.001*
2	Constant	81.88; 105.73	--	< 0.001*
	Predominant type of voice deviation	-6.70	-0.249	< 0.001*
	Predominant type of voice deviation	-10.03; -3.34	-0.249	< 0.001*
	Number of altered dimensions	-14.36	-0.386	< 0.001*
	Number of altered dimensions	-19.14; -9.66	-0.386	< 0.001*

ACCURACY	Group	Average	SD	Median	Min.	Max.	p-value	E.S
Roughness	GnR	55.86	9.32	54.88	41.46	71.95	0.992^a	0.003^d
Roughness	GwR	55.84	10.27	56.10	26.83	73.17	0.992^a	0.003^d
Breathiness	GnR	57.13	10.04	59.34	32.00	70.67	0.556^a	0.148^d
Breathiness	GwR	58.62	8.40	58.00	45.33	73.33	0.556^a	0.148^d
Strain	GnR	50.12	9.80	50.79	30.16	66.67	< 0.001 ^* * statistically significant value p ≤ 0.05 ^a	1.019^d
Strain	GwR	40.14	9.04	39.68	25.40	55.56		1.019^d
No predominant deviation	GnR	2.15	3.28	0.45	0.00	10.00	0.121^b	0.220^r
No predominant deviation	GwR	3.07	3.64	1.82	0.00	13.18	0.121^b	0.220^r

GROUP	Predominant Vocal Deviation	Accuracy			p-value
		High	Low	Total
		Number (%)	Number (%)	Number (%)
GnR	R	12 (28.57)	62 (39.24)	74 (37.00)	0.311
	B	18 (42.86)	49 (31.01)	67 (33.50)
	S	12 (28.57)	47 (29.75)	59 (29.50)
GwR	R	11 (25.58)	63 (40.13)	74 (37.00)	0.053
	B	21 (48.84)	46 (29.30)	67 (33.50)
	S	11 (25.58)	48 (30.57)	59 (29.50)
Total	R	9 (25.71)^a	65 (39.39)^a	74 (37.00)	0.023 ^* * statistically significant value p ≤ 0.05
	B	19 (54.29)^b	48 (29.09)^a	67 (33.50)
	S	7 (20.00)^a	52 (31.52)^a	59 (29.50)

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[1] Conflict of interests: nothing to declare.