GENDER BIAS IN CAREER CHOICE IN BRAZIL

Pessoa, Maria Fernanda; Vaz, Daniela Verzola; Botassio, Diego Camargo

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Español English

sumário « anterior atual seguinte »

Sumário

HIGHER EDUCATION, PROFESSIONS, WORK • Cad. Pesqui. 51 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/198053148400 copy

GENDER BIAS IN CAREER CHOICE IN BRAZIL

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This article analyzes sex segregation in in-person higher education programs in Brazil by investigating its causes, characteristics and evolution over time. To that end, synthetic indicators of segregation are calculated based on the 2000 and 2017 editions of the Censo da Educação Superior [Higher Education Census]. During this period, the decrease in the overall degree of segregation was subtle, as a result of two opposite movements: the reduction in the stratification of men and women between the major areas of knowledge, which is offset by increased segregation within them. Thus, at the most aggregate level of analysis, there is a tendency towards sex integration in the fields of study. However, when it comes to specific careers, gender stereotypes persist, with separation between typically “male” and “female” programs.

STEREOTYPES; GENDER RELATIONS; HIGHER EDUCATION; CAREER CHOICES

Program	Time 1			Time 2			Time 3
Program	Women	Men	GPI	Women	Men	GPI	Women	Men	GPI
Civil Engineering	2	6	0.33	3	6	0.50	3	6	0.50
Law	4	2	2.00	3	2	1.50	3	2	1.50
Psychology	7	3	2.33	7	3	2.33	5	3	1.67
Pedagogy	8	3	2.67	8	3	2.67	10	3	3.33
Total of Students	21	14	1.50	21	14	1.50	21	14	1.50
Dissimilarity Index	0,3333			0,2857			0.2857
Gini Index	0,3639			0,3367			0.3776
Square Root Index	0.0800			0.0567			0.0644

	Program	Total	Men		Women		GPI
	Program	Total	Ranking	Obs.	Ranking	Obs.
	Total of students	2,694,245		1,178,893		1,515,352	1.29
	Subtotal in the 20 most frequent programs	1,809,529		757,216		1,052,313	1.39
1	Law	369,777	1	187,559	2	182,218	0.97
2	Business Administration	290,264	2	159,082	3	131,182	0.82
3	Pedagogy	202,584	18	14,538	1	188,046	12.93
4	Accounting	126,616	3	66,467	5	60,149	0.90
5	Letters - Licensure	104,575	15	17,395	4	87,180	5.01
6	Social Communication (editing)	79,584	7	32,191	7	47,393	1.47
7	Economics	65,414	5	38,756	11	26,658	0.69
8	Psychology	59,612	33	8,128	6	51,484	6.33
9	Physiotherapy	55,609	20	13,452	8	42,157	3.13
10	Medicine	54,812	8	29,712	12	25,100	0.84
11	Computer Science	52,336	4	39,382	27	12,954	0.33
12	Dentistry	46,184	16	17,123	9	29,061	1.70
13	Physical Education - Licensure	45,257	10	23,687	20	21,570	0.91
14	Civil Engineering	42,173	6	32,257	33	9,916	0.31
15	Architecture and Urbanism	37,162	19	13,621	15	23,541	1.73
16	History - Licensure	37,106	22	13,264	14	23,842	1.80
17	Mathematics - Licensure	36,686	17	16,945	21	19,741	1.17
18	Science - Licensure	36,071	24	12,579	16	23,492	1.87
19	Tourism	33,916	28	9,933	13	23,983	2.41
20	Pharmacy	33,791	26	11,145	17	22,646	2.03

	Program	Total	Men		Women		GPI
	Program	Total	Ranking	Obs.	Ranking	Obs.
	Total of Students	6,494,098		2,892,830		3,601,268	1.24
	Subtotal in the 20 most frequent programs	4,405,516		1,848,733		2,556,783	1.38
1	Law	878,940	1	392,620	1	486,320	1.24
2	Business Administration	481,768	3	221,713	2	260,055	1.17
3	Civil Engineering	335,029	2	231,815	10	103,214	0.45
4	Nursing	285,097	17	45,317	4	239,780	5.29
5	Pedagogy	284,230	29	24,183	3	260,047	10.75
6	Psychology	249,956	16	48,842	5	201,114	4.12
7	Accounting	244,840	5	106,876	6	137,964	1.29
8	Architecture and Urbanism	167,536	13	55,966	8	111,570	1.99
9	Physiotherapy	163,791	20	34,359	7	129,432	3.77
10	Medicine	149,655	11	62,533	12	87,122	1.39
11	Production Engineering	141,315	6	89,444	18	51,871	0.58
12	Mechanical Engineering	130,407	4	116,947	41	13,460	0.12
13	Pharmacy	126,892	19	35,580	11	91,312	2.57
14	Bachelor of Physical Education	126,680	8	82,680	20	44,000	0.53
15	Nutrition	124,885	34	18,326	9	106,559	5.81
16	Dentistry	115,706	22	32,189	13	83,517	2.59
17	Physical Education - Licensure	111,294	9	67,175	19	44,119	0.66
18	Electrical Engineering	102,954	7	88,737	39	14,217	0.16
19	Veterinary Medicine	93,650	23	30,685	14	62,965	2.05
20	Agronomy	90,891	10	62,746	26	28,145	0.45

Program Area	2000						2017
Program Area	Central West	Northeast	North	Southeast	South	Brazil	Central West	Northeast	North	Southeast	South	Brazil
Agriculture, forests and fishing resources	31.6	34.0	45.2	29.1	27.6	31.3	35.8	44.6	47.3	35.5	33.3	37.8
Architecture and construction	43.0	35.6	39.0	43.4	45.6	42.2	41.8	40.1	38.2	43.1	46.3	42.6
Arts	61.6	49.9	34.8	57.5	60.2	57.5	61.1	57.9	51.7	55.8	62.7	57.9
Sciences	69.7	62.8	61.5	67.3	72.7	67.6	71.3	70.1	69.9	74.8	76.0	73.3
Physical Sciences	44.7	35.0	42.5	39.2	46.7	40.7	47.0	34.7	48.8	41.9	48.6	41.3
Social and behavioral sciences	63.7	57.6	58.5	66.3	62.3	63.4	73.5	73.2	70.5	71.0	70.9	71.6
Computing	31.1	24.3	32.1	28.0	24.6	27.5	13.2	12.7	15.1	13.9	11.7	13.4
Commerce and Business Administration	50.8	46.8	52.6	47.0	45.8	47.3	54.0	53.1	55.1	56.0	54.3	54.9
Law	51.0	46.3	48.7	49.7	48.4	49.3	55.6	52.3	53.4	56.7	56.3	55.3
Engineering and related professions	15.2	16.7	22.4	15.4	14.2	15.5	24.6	27.3	27.9	24.8	22.9	24.9
Teacher education and sciences of education	75.7	70.6	70.3	79.8	79.8	76.5	67.9	62.2	60.1	69.2	67.0	65.6
Humanities and letters	64.1	55.7	56.3	70.3	65.8	66.6	47.6	42.8	35.6	49.2	41.5	46.3
Journalism and information	63.6	62.7	56.6	59.8	61.6	60.6	60.7	58.8	61.3	60.2	61.4	60.2
Mathematics and statistics	41.2	30.7	31.8	45.0	54.0	42.8	34.3	32.7	41.0	36.2	35.7	35.5
Production and processing	72.5	51.3	63.6	47.0	57.3	53.7	64.5	56.5	56.9	55.3	64.8	58.3
Environmental protection	-	-	-	33.9	-	33.9	51.6	60.2	55.1	55.2	55.4	55.8
Health	73.5	67.8	64.4	68.2	68.5	68.4	72.6	72.4	71.1	71.2	70.9	71.6
Social work	94.0	96.4	92.1	94.9	95.7	95.2	89.1	91.3	89.5	88.2	87.5	89.6
Security services	-	19.0	-	17.5	0.0	16.1	30.4	44.7	50.4	18.3	0.0	31.8
Transportation services (general programs)	0.0	-	-	9.4	11.3	9.8	9.5	19.3	-	22.8	16.6	20.1
Personal services	71.6	71.7	75.0	71.3	69.2	71.1	80.4	72.8	80.5	76.8	78.7	76.7
Veterinary medicine	46.9	49.9	48.3	57.0	50.4	53.3	61.7	62.3	61.3	70.1	67.9	67.2
Total	58.8	56.8	57.3	55.5	56.4	56.2	56.4	57.0	56.4	54.9	53.9	55.5

Aggregation level	Dissimilarity Index		Gini Index		Square Root Index
Aggregation level	2000	2017	2000	2017	2000	2017
General Area	0.2659	0.2219	0.3430	0.2990	0.0513	0.0389
Specific Area	0.2965	0.2499	0.3864	0.3584	0.0666	0.0597
Detailed Area	0.3426	0.3031	0.4676	0.4626	0.1055	0.1024
Program	0.3586	0.3353	0.4874	0.4952	0.1165	0.1129

Aggregation Level	2000			2017
Aggregation Level	Between	Within	Total	Between	Within	Total
General Area
Square root index	0.051	0.065	0.116	0.039	0.074	0.113
Participation (%)	44.1	55.9	100.0	34.5	65.5	100.0
Specific Area
Square root index	0.067	0.050	0.116	0.060	0.053	0.113
Participation (%)	57.2	42.8	100.0	52.9	47.1	100.0
Detailed Area
Square root index	0.105	0.011	0.116	0.102	0.010	0.113
Participation (%)	90.6	9.4	100.0	90.8	9.2	100.0

Fundação Carlos Chagas Av. Prof. Francisco Morato, 1565, 05513-900 São Paulo SP Brasil, Tel.: +55 11 3723-3000 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: cadpesq@fcc.org.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

[1] Note on authorship

Maria Fernanda Pessoa: conception, survey and discussion of the literature, theoretical- -methodological discussion, estimation of results and data analysis; Daniela Verzola Vaz: conception, orientation, survey and discussion of the literature, theoretical-methodological discussion, estimation of results and data analysis; Diego Camargo Botassio: theoretical-methodological discussion, estimation of results and data analysis.