| Schooling |
Three binary variables designed to distinguish individuals with no education or incomplete primary education (basic category), those with complete primary education, those with complete secondary education and those with a higher education degree. |
primary, secondary and higher |
| Father’s schooling |
Three binary variables to identify the education level of the father (or the man raising the interviewee): no education or incomplete primary education (basic category), complete primary education, complete secondary education and complete higher education. |
father_prim father_secnd father_highr |
| Mother’s schooling |
Three binary variables to identify the education level of the mother (or the woman raising the interviewee): no education or incomplete primary education (basic category), complete primary education, complete secondary education and complete higher education. |
mother_prim mother_secnd mother_highr |
| Professional experience |
The age declared by the person, used as a proxy for his experience in the job market and measured in tens of years to avoid too small estimated coefficients. |
age |
| The person’s age-squared (age measured in tens of years), since the effect of age on the earnings logarithm is not linear, with productivity likely to decline after a certain age. |
age2 |
| Color |
A binary variable to distinguish black (black or brown) from non-black (white or yellow - basic category) individuals. The self-declared indigenous were excluded from the sample for being too few. |
black |
| Designation in the family |
A binary variable for the person’s designation in the family, i.e., one for household reference person and zero for spouse, children and others. |
head |
| Region |
Four binary variables to distinguish Brazil’s five regions: North, Northeast (basic category), South, Southeast and Central-west. |
north, southeast, south and central-west |
| Household location |
Two binary variables for the household’s location: household located in a metropolitan area, household located in a non-metropolitan urban area (basic category) and household located in a non-metropolitan rural area. |
metrop rural |
| Industry |
Two binary variables to distinguish three industries in which the main job may be: agriculture, industry and services (basic category). |
agriculture industry |
| Position in occupation |
Three binary variables to distinguish four possible positions in the main job’s occupation in the survey reference week: (1) employee without a formal contract (including domestic worker); (2) self-employed or producing for their own consumption/making for their own use; (3) employer; (4) employee with a formal contract (including domestic worker), civil servant or member of the military (basic category). |
no_contract self_empl employer |
| Union membership |
A binary variable for whether the person is a member of a trade union. |
union |
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Source: Prepared by the author based on 2014 Pnad microdata.
Source: Prepared by the author based on 2014 Pnad microdata.Note: (i) the estimation admits a worker who is not the household reference person, lives in a non-metropolitan urban area in the Northeast region, is employed in the services industry, has a formal employment contract and is a union member; (ii) the average age for blacks is 37.76, and for non-blacks, 39.58 years; (iii) the models were estimated separately for blacks and non-blacks.