Evaporative cooling system for gestating and lactating sows: a systematic review

Mendes, Melissa Fabíola dos Santos Alves; Oliveira, David Henrique de; Cruz, Fábio Loures; Mendes, Múcio André dos Santos Alves; Ribeiro, Bruna Pontara Vilas Boas; Ferreira, Rony Antônio

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20190830

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ANIMAL PRODUCTION • Cienc. Rural 50 (10) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20190830 linkcopy

Evaporative cooling system for gestating and lactating sows: a systematic review

Sistema de resfriamento evaporativo para porcas gestantes e lactantes: uma revisão sistemática

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ABSTRACT:

Climatic characteristics of the production sites of pigs influence the yield of the system, with breeding sows being a category extremely sensitive to high temperatures, especially when their upper critical temperature is reached. This review evaluated the effects of the evaporative cooling system on environmental, physiological and performance parameters in breeding sows. By means of this review, a bibliographic search was performed using the following keywords: sow; swine; gilt and pig combined individually with the expression ‘evaporative cooling’. A total of 11 papers met the prerequisites determined to compose the systematic review and the studies involved gestating and lactating sows maintained in environments that presented ambient temperatures between 21.5 and 34.8 °C and relative humidity between 32.2 and 84.2%. The evaporative cooling system was used in order to cool the macro or micro environment. It can be concluded that the use of evaporative cooling system promotes increase in feed intake per lactating sow, decrease in weight loss in lactation, increase of weight of piglets at weaning, temperature reduction of the barns and decrease of the respiratory rate of the sows. For gestating sows, no changes in reproductive performance were reported.

Key words: environment; heat; reproduction; sows; swine production

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Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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[TFN1] ^*1 - Evaporative cooling and sow; 2 - Evaporative cooling and swine; 3 - Evaporative cooling and gilt; 4 - Evaporative cooling and piglet; 5 - Evaporative cooling and pig. ^†Total number of papers found may be higher than the number of papers used due to the fact that in the same database appear the same papers with different key words. ^‡Final number of papers selected.

Base	Search	Combinations ^*				Total ^†
		1	2	3	4	5
Scielo	Total number	3	5	0	3	0	11
	Number of selected papers	3	0	0	2	0	5
	Number of repeated papers	0	2	0	0	0	2
Capes Periodics	Total Number	261	337	77	176	1117	1968
	Number of selected papers	8	2	0	0	4	14
	Number of repeated papers	0	2	0	0	4	6
ISI Web of Science	Total number	16	21	3	8	32	80
	Number of selected papers	9	0	0	0	0	9
	Number of repeated papers	0	0	0	0	0	0
Scopus	Total number	17	34	3	12	41	107
	Number of selected papers	8	3	0	5	5	21
	Number of repeated papers	0	2	0	5	5	12
Number of papers selected for the search^‡							11

Author/Year	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	Total
Turco et al. (1998)	2	2	1	1	1	2	2	11
Romanini et al. (2008)	2	2	2	1	2	2	1	12
Kiefer et al. (2012)	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	10
Morales et al. (2013)	2	1	2	1	2	2	1	11
Justino et al. (2014)	2	2	2	1	1	2	1	11
Wang et al. (2014)	1	1	2	1	1	2	1	9
Justino et al. (2015)	1	2	1	2	2	1	1	10
Lontoc et al. (2016)	1	2	2	1	2	1	1	10
Botto et al. (2014)	1	2	2	1	1	1	1	9
Perin et al. (2016)	1	2	2	1	2	1	1	10
Chen et al. (2018)	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	8

Author/year	Animal category	Number of animals per treatment / genetics	Parity	Study site	Season of the year/period	Parameters evaluated
Turco et al. (1998)	Lactating sows	26/Landrace and Large White	NSP	Faxinal do Guedes - Santa Catarina, Brazil	Summer/NSP	BGHI, RTL e RH
Romanini et al. (2008)	Gestating and lactating sows	63^a/42^b NSP	1	Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil (47°05' W, 22°54' S, altitude of 640 m)	Summer and Winter/NSP	PBW, BWW (21 days); Sow: ST; BFT; RR
Kiefer et al. (2012)	Lactating sows	Min 22/commercial hybrids	3 to 8	Campo Grande, MS, in the Central West region of Brazil	Summer/January and February	Sow: FI, body weight variation, milk production and LD; Piglets: GPD
Morales et al. (2013)	Lactating sows	Min 79/ Landrace x Large White, Agroceres PIC^®	3,6 ± 0,37	Alto Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, Brazil	Summer/December to March	T and RH; Sow: FI; weight loss at lactation, WEI; Piglets: weight at 14 and 20 days old
Justino et al. (2014)	Lactating sows	36/DanBred^®	1 to 5	In Southwestern Brazil (18° 17 00''S, l 46° 59' 36''W)	Summer/NSP	T, RH and AV; physiological parameters: RT, ST, RR and sensible heat change at lactation
Wang et al. (2014)	Lactating sows	32^*/NSP	NSP	Zhejiang Province China	Summer/NS	T, AV, RH; Sow: RR
Justino et al. (2015)	Lactating sows	18/Danbred	1 to 5	18º17'00” S, 46º 59'36” W and average altitude of 972 m	Summer/January to March of 2010	Sow: RR; RT; ST; FI; body condition (BW and BFT); WEI; Piglets: BWW and mortality
Lontoc et al. (2016)	Gestating sows	Min 42/NSP	NSP	Rizal Province	Summer/February to June of 2014	THI; Sow: BFT at farrowing and weaning; WEI; pregnancy period; litter size at weaning; PBW, BWW, NTB and mortality
Botto et al. (2014)	Gestating sows	60/NSP	NSP	Not specified	Summer/NSP	T; RH; AV; THI; Comprehensive climate index
Perin et al. (2016)	Lactating sows/litter	128/Landrace x Large White / Duroc	1 to 8	Santa Catarina, Brazil (26º22’13” S and 50º08’40W)	Summer/January and February of 2011	Sow: weight loss at lactation; FI; FR; WEI; farrowing rate; NTB
Chen et al. (2018)	Gestating / lactating sows	28/Landrace × Yorkshire	Multiparous	Guangdong Province in South China	NS/august and october of 2015	FI during lactation; NTB per litter; NBA; S; litter weight and average weight of the piglets; NWP

Author/year	A	B	C	D
	ºC	%	m s^-1	points
Turco et al. (1998)	NSP	NS	NE	NS
Romanini et al. (2008)	NS	> 17.5	NE	NE
Kiefer et al. (2012)	NSP	NSP	NSP	NSP
Morales et al. (2013)	NS	> 0.9	NE	NE
Justino et al. (2014)	< 2.1	> 9.7	> 3.15	NE
Wang et al. (2014)	NE	NE	NE	NE
Justino et al. (2015)	< 2.1	> 9.7	NE	ITU: < 3.10
Lontoc et al. (2016)	< NSP	NSP	NE	ITU: < 2.15
Botto et al. (2014)	< 2.9	> 18.5	NS	ITU: < 0.90
Perin et al. (2016)	NE	NE	NE	NE
Chen et al. (2018)	< NSP	> NSP	NE	ITU: < NSP

Author/year	Category	A	B	C
		ºC	ºC	movements/minute
Turco et al. (1998)	Lact	NSP	NE	NSP
Romanini et al. (2008)	Lact	NE	NS	< 4.20
Kiefer et al. (2012)	Lact	NE	NE	NE
Morales et al. (2013)	Lact	NE	NE	NE
Justino et al. (2014)	Lact	NS	< 0.5	< 15.87
Wang et al. (2014)	Lact	NE	NE	> than ideal
Justino et al. (2015)	Lact	< 0.3	< 0.5	< 23.67
Lontoc et al. (2016)	Gestating	NE	NE	NE
Botto et al. (2014)	Gestating	NE	NE	NE
Perin et al. (2016)	Lact	< NSP	NE	NE
Chen et al. (2018)	Gestating and Lact	NE	NE	NE

Author/year	Category	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I
		kg d^-1	mm BFT¹/% lost²	day	%	n	n	kg	%	%
Turco et al. (1998)	Lact.	NE	NS	NE	NE	NS	NE	NE	NS	NE
Romanini et al. (2008)	Lact.	NE	> 0.40¹	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NS	NE
Kiefer et al. (2012)	Lact. P 1 and 2	> 1.67	< 7.92²	NE	> 18.8	NE	NE	NE	> 21.80	NS
Kiefer et al. (2012)	Lact. P 3 to 8	> 1.15	< 6.54²	NE	> 13.3	NE	NE	NE	> 10.98	NS
Morales et al. (2013)	Lact.	> 0.40	NS	NS	NE	NE	NE	NE	NS	NE
Justino et al. (2014)	Lact.	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
Wang et al. (2014)	Lact.	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
Justino et al. (2015)	Lact.	NS	NS	NS	NE	NE	NE	NS	> 3.35	NS
Lontoc et al. (2016)	Gestating	> NSP	> 2.31¹	< 0.8	NE	NS	NS	NE	NS	NS
Botto et al. (2014)	Gestating	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
Perin et al. (2016)	Lact. P 1	> 1.10	< 3.10²	< 3.8	NE	NE	NE	NE	> 7.04	NE
Perin et al. (2016)	Lact. P >1	> 1.00	< 3.10²	< 0.3	NE	NE	NE	NE	> 7.04	NE
Chen et al. (2018)	Gestating and Lact.	NS	NE	NE	NE	NS	NS	NS	NS	NE