Milk composition of Holstein cows: a retrospective study

Bondan, Carlos; Folchini, Jéssica Aneris; Noro, Mirela; Quadros, Daniel Lazzari; Machado, Karine Martini; González, Félix Hilário Diaz

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20180123

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ANIMAL PRODUCTION • Cienc. Rural 48 (12) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20180123 copy

Milk composition of Holstein cows: a retrospective study

Caracterização da composição do leite de vacas Holandesas: estudo retrospectivo

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Worldwide, milk analysis is an satisfactory measurement of milk quality on dairy farms. Milk composition is the base for payment systems, so knowledge of its characteristics at different periods is essential for modern dairy producer. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of year, season, stage of lactation, and lactation number on variations in milk yield and composition of Holstein cows (n=148,604). Milk yield estimated by multiple regression was 25,50L/cow/day. Winter was the season with the highest milk yield and the highest protein and lactose content. Milk fat was highest in the fall, in cows in late lactation and also in primiparous cows. Lactating cows from 6 to 60 days in lactation and those in 2^nd or 3^rd lactation showed the highest milk yield. Lactose concentration was positively correlated with milk yield. Somatic cell score was negatively correlated with milk yield and with lactose concentration. Most important variations in milk characteristics occur among seasons, lactation stages and parities. Mammary gland health is yet the greatest challenge to be overcome.

Key words:
milk quality; lactation number; seasonality; stage of lactation

Authorship

Carlos Bondan

Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia (PPGAGRO), Serviço de Análises de Rebanhos Leiteiros (SARLE), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil. Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF)BrazilPasso Fundo, RS, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação em Agronomia (PPGAGRO), Serviço de Análises de Rebanhos Leiteiros (SARLE), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), 99052-900, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4827-2609

Jéssica Aneris Folchini

Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia (PPGAGRO), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil. Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF)BrazilPasso Fundo, RS, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação em Agronomia (PPGAGRO), Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2068-6890

Mirela Noro

Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pampa (Unipampa), Uruguaiana, RS, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Pampa (Unipampa)BrazilUruguaiana, RS, BrazilCurso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pampa (Unipampa), Uruguaiana, RS, Brasil.

Daniel Lazzari Quadros

Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil.Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF)BrazilPasso Fundo, RS, BrazilUniversidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil.

Karine Martini Machado

Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil.Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF)BrazilPasso Fundo, RS, BrazilUniversidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil.

Félix Hilário Diaz González

Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)BrazilPorto Alegre, RS, BrazilFaculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.

E -mail: carlosbondan@gmail.com. ^*Corresponding author.

DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil.Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF)BrazilPasso Fundo, RS, BrazilUniversidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil.

Tables

Tables (6)

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Table 1
Mean, standard deviation (SD), median, and percentiles of milk yield, chemical composition, somatic cell score (SCS) and fat to protein (F:P) ratio of Holstein cows (N= 148,604).

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Table 2
Annual means (± standard deviation) of milk yield, chemical composition, SCS, and F:P ratio between January 2008 and December 2013 in dairy herds.

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Table 3
Means (± standard deviation) of milk yield, chemical composition, SCS, and F:P ratio in different seasons of the year in dairy herds.

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Table 4
Means (± standard deviation) of milk yield, chemical composition, SCS, and F:P at different stages of lactation in dairy herds.

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Table 5
Means (± standard deviation) of milk yield, chemical composition, SCS, and F:P ratio, according to the lactation number in dairy herds.

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Table 6
Correlations among milk yield, days in milk (DIM), parity, milk components and somatic cell score (SCS) in dairy herds.

Table 1 Mean, standard deviation (SD), median, and percentiles of milk yield, chemical composition, somatic cell score (SCS) and fat to protein (F:P) ratio of Holstein cows (N= 148,604).

	Yield (L/cow/day)	Fat (%)	Protein (%)	F:P	Lactose (%)	Total solids (%)	SCS^#
Mean	25.5	3.45	3.23	1.07	4.45	12.1	5.22
SD	8.63	0.67	0.38	0.20	0.25	0.98	1.74
Median	25.0	3.42	3.20	1.06	4.49	12.0	5.35
25	19.2	2.96	2.96	0.94	4.31	11.4	4.33
75	31.0	3.93	3.47	1.19	4.74	12.8	6.37

^#Somatic cell score: Log₁₀ of somatic cell count.

Table 2 Annual means (± standard deviation) of milk yield, chemical composition, SCS, and F:P ratio between January 2008 and December 2013 in dairy herds.

Year N	Yield (L/cow/day)	Fat (%)	Protein (%)	F:P^*	Lactose (%)	Total solids (%)	SCS^#
2008 24698	26.2±9.08^b	3.37±0.65^d	3.18±0.38^d	1.06±0.19^d	4.43±0.25^c	11.9±0.94^d	4.95±2.01^e
2009 24403	25.2±8.41^d	3.38±0.66^d	3.17±0.37^e	1.07±0.20^c	4.41±0.26^d	11.9±0.94^d	5.26±1.87^b
2010 26213	24.6±8.14^f	3.40±0.68^c	3.23±0.35^c	1.05±0.20^e	4.46±0.25^b	12.1±1.02^c	5.45±1.61^a
2011 24514	25.0±8.21^e	3.50±0.67^b	3.26±0.37^b	1.07±0.19^b	4.46±0.25^b	12.2±1.01^b	5.30±1.61^b
2012 23635	25.5±8.53^c	3.50±0.69^b	3.28±0.39^a	1.07±0.20^c	4.46±0.25^b	12.2±0.99^b	5.14±1.70^d
2013 25141	26.8±8.63^a	3.52±0.67^a	3.24±0.38^c	1.09±0.19^a	4.49±0.25^a	12.2±0.95^a	5.19±1.58^c

^*F:P fat to protein ratio; ^#SCS: Somatic cell score: Log₁₀ of somatic cell count. Different letters among years indicate significant differences (P<0.05).

Table 3 Means (± standard deviation) of milk yield, chemical composition, SCS, and F:P ratio in different seasons of the year in dairy herds.

Season of the year N	Yield (L/cow/day)	Fat (%)	Protein (%)	F:P^*	Lactose (%)	Total solids (%)	SCS^#
Winter 40296	27.3±9.16^a	3.48±0.69^b	3.27±0.36^a	1.07±0.20^c	4.48±0.25^a	12.2±0.98^a	5.20±1.71^b
Spring 36438	25.8±8.68^b	3.40±0.66^c	3.17±0.36^c	1.07±0.19^b	4.46±0.25^b	12.0±0.98^b	5.16±1.78^c
Summer 33821	24.2±7.8^d	3.37±0.65^d	3.18±0.35^b	1.06±0.20^d	4.42±0.25^d	11.9±0.95^c	5.27±1.78^a
Fall 38049	24.4±8.48^c	3.53±0.68^a	3.28±0.88^a	1.08±0.20^a	4.43±0.26^c	12.2±0.98^a	5.26±1.69^a

^*F:P fat to protein ratio; ^#SCS: Somatic cell score: Log₁₀ of somatic cell count. Different letters among seasons indicate significant differences (P< 0.05).

Table 4 Means (± standard deviation) of milk yield, chemical composition, SCS, and F:P at different stages of lactation in dairy herds.

Stage of lactation (days) N	Yield (L/cow/day)	Fat (%)	Protein (%)	F:P^*	Lactose (%)	Total solids (%)	SCS^#
6 to 60 22936	29.4±8.72^a	3.40±0.65^b	3.05±0.36^c	1.11±0.22^a	4.50±0.23^b	11.9±0.93^c	4.79±1.90^d
61 to 120 25154	29.2±8.66^b	3.30±0.66^c	3.03±0.31^d	1.09±0.21^b	4.51±0.23^a	11.8±0.92^d	4.89±1.90^c
121 to 220 39981	26.2±8.01^c	3.40±0.66^b	3.18±0.32^b	1.07±0.19^c	4.45± 0.24^c	12.0±0.94^b	5.21±1.75^b
>220 60533	22.0±7.49^d	3.55±0.67^a	3.41±0.36^a	1.04±0.18^d	4.40±0.27^d	12.4±0.99^a	5.53±1.53^a

^*F:P fat to protein ratio; ^#SCS: Somatic cell score: Log₁₀ of somatic cell count. Different letters among stages indicate significant differences (P<0.05).

Table 5 Means (± standard deviation) of milk yield, chemical composition, SCS, and F:P ratio, according to the lactation number in dairy herds.

Lactation number	Yield (L/cow/day)	Fat (%)	Protein (%)	F:P^*	Lactose (%)	Total solids (%)	SCS^#
1	23.9±7.72^c	3.47±0.67^a	3.24±0.37^a	1.08±0.19^a	4.54±0.23^a	12.2±0.97^a	4.83±1.73^c
2-3	26.9±9.09^a	3.43±0.68^b	3.23±0.38^b	1.07±0.20^c	4.43±0.24^b	12.1±0.98^b	5.31±1.72^b
≥4	26.1±8.86^b	3.41±0.67^c	3.19±0.37^c	1.07±0.20^b	4.32±0.26^c	11.9±0.97^c	5.84±1.62^a

^*F:P fat to protein ratio; ^#SCS: Somatic cell score: Log₁₀ of somatic cell count. Different letters among parities indicate significant differences (P< 0.05).

Table 6 Correlations among milk yield, days in milk (DIM), parity, milk components and somatic cell score (SCS) in dairy herds.

	DIM	Lactation number	Yield	Fat	Protein	F:P	Lactose	Solids
Yield	-.341^**	.121^**
Fat	.125^**	-.038^**	-.226^**
Protein	.394^**	-.041^**	-.396^**	.40^**
F:P	-.121^**	-.013^**	.012^**
Lactose	-.164^**	-.308^**	.200^**	-.042^**	-.085^**	.006^*
Solids	.220^**	-.131^**	-.279^**	.879^**	.700^**	.486^**	.208^**
SCS	.165^**	.214^**	-.158^**	.076^**	.174^**	-.028^**	-.429^**	.016^**

^*Significant correlation at 0.05; ^**significant correlation at 0.01; F:P fat to protein ratio in milk.

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[1] E -mail: carlosbondan@gmail.com. ^*Corresponding author.