The nutritional value of gliricidia in different fed forms: a systematic review

Silva, Pedro Henrique Ferreira da; Medeiros, Geovergue Rodrigues de; Carvalho, Chrislanne Barreira de Macêdo; Cavalcante, Iara Tamires Rodrigues; Santos, Severino Guilherme Caetano Gonçalves dos; Neves, Romildo da Silva; Ribeiro, Neila Lidiany; Costa, José Henrique Souza; Sales-Silva, Tafnes Bernardo

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20230475

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ANIMAL PRODUCTION • Cienc. Rural 54 (11) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20230475 copy

The nutritional value of gliricidia in different fed forms: a systematic review

O valor nutricional da gliricídia em diferentes formas de alimentação: uma revisão sistemática

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Different types of supplied roughage may cause losses in the chemical composition and digestibility of gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium [Jacq.] Kunth ex Walp.) depending on their making and fed-out management. This study has summarized data from scientific studies on gliricidia and compared its nutritional value in various fed forms using a systematic review approach and principal component analysis (PCA). A robust survey of scientific papers was realized on web indexes of periodicals and databases from 1990 to 2023. Data from 100 scientific researches has been compiled and analyzed. In 40% of the trials, the gliricidia nutritional value was determined as fresh leaves, while 30% was in the form of ‘leaves + thin stems’. Gliricidia was evaluated as silage in 11% of the opportunities, followed by 10% as leaf meal and 9% as hay. Non-fiber carbohydrates, crude protein (CP), and organic matter digestibility (OM) had negative correlations with neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin. Only NDF, ADF, and CP contents could explain 71% of the total data variation (PC1 and PC2). There was no discrimination among fed forms, so they showed similar nutrient compositions. Eventual nutrient losses reported in the scientific researches owing to ensilage, haymaking, and leaf meal-making processes do not mischaracterize the gliricidia nutritional value. The assorted manners of roughage making, and fed-out management traditionally performed by farmers can conserve the excellent nutritional quality of gliricidia.

Key words:
digestibility; hay; secondary metabolites; silage; tropical legume.

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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[1] E-mail: pehenrique1709@gmail.com. ^*Corresponding author

Fed form	MM	OM	CP	NDF	ADF	LIG	EE	CF	NFC	Ca	P	TPC	CT	DMD	OMD
	----------------------------------------------------------------(g kg-1 DM)---------------------------------------------------------------
Leaves	79	921	225	440	2844	109	61	152	245	14	2	28	41	643	624
n	37	38	55	51	49	30	14	3	7	19	19	18	12	24	22
SD	20	24	43	93	76	45	29	7	36	17	1	13	65	113	107
Minimum	28	885	104	240	114	22	23	145	171	4	1	0	0	469	510
Maximum	115	998	300	656	88	176	100	159	276	83	4	50	205	864	789
Leaves + stems	91	909	208	458	337	99	43	182	119	11	2	13	19	510	557
n	31	31	40	39	35	17	15	4	208	4	5	4	6	14	6
SD	25	26	37	91	98	46	29	60	12	5	1	6	21	78	64
Minimum	58	816	130	238	121	16	16	120	85	4	1	6	0	322	455
Maximum	184	942	268	653	506	188	137	264	501	16	3	18	58	709	710
Silage	79	921	169	480	338	99	35	248	226	.	.	.	.	531	.
n	11	11	11	13	13	9	10	1	10	.	.	.	.	5	.
SD	15	15	29	91	85	48	8	.	128	.	.	.	.	69	.
Minimum	62	902	128	280	219	38	25	248	79	.	.	.	.	467	.
Maximum	98	938	232	644	488	174	47	248	471	.	.	.	.	520	.
Hay	101	899	194	425	291	106	57	153	238	.	.	.		704	.
n	11	11	12	11	9	4	7	2	5	.	.	.		2	.
SD	50	50	21	107	72	41	36	59	120	.	.		.	49	.
Minimum	63	764	139	240	164	84	28	111	52	.	.	.	.	670	.
Maximum	236	937	214	639	417	167	123	195	341	.	.	.	.	739	.
Leaf meal	111	889	226	441	323	104	49	139	190	14	2	202	122	607	402
n	13	13	14	10	10	6	8	4	4	2	1	3	5	3	1
SD	53	53	56	98	111	34	20	37	97	7	.	192	150	21	.
Minimum	54	756	163	330	164	52	13	86	57	9	2	6	0	583	402
Maximum	244	946	346	592	567	143	77	170	290	19	2	388	351	624	402

	OM	CP	NDF	ADF	LIG	EE	CF	NFC	Ca	P	TPC	CT	DMD	OMD
MM (r)	-0.99	0.02	-0.08	-0.18	0.11	-0.12	-0.24	-0.04	0.50	-0.18	-0.58	-0.38	0.15	-0.25
P-value	<.001	0.874	0.456	0.110	0.402	0.410	0.406	0.795	0.041	0.498	0.004	0.109	0.387	0.192
N	102	102	93	84	55	51	14	39	17	17	22	19	38	28
OM (r)		0.01	0.05	0.14	-0.12	0.12	0.24	0.04	-0.28	0.05	0.58	0.38	-0.14	0.25
P-value		0.937	0.619	0.216	0.398	0.423	0.406	0.799	0.259	0.829	0.004	0.109	0.387	0.192
N		101	92	83	55	49	14	39	18	18	22	19	38	28
CP (r)			-0.05	-0.22	-0.32	-0.04	0.03	-0.15	-0.33	0.25	0.68	0.13	-0.01	0.10
P-value			0.550	0.017	0.009	0.755	0.932	0.367	0.102	0.233	<.001	0.569	0.927	0.607
N			121	113	64	53	13	38	25	25	25	23	46	29
NDF (r)				0.67	0.17	-0.15	-0.56	-0.90	0.06	-0.22	0.17	0.15	-0.12	0.01
P-value				<0.001	0.174	0.320	0.326	<.0001	0.758	0.283	0.438	0.518	0.404	0.977
N				116	66	48	5	37	25	25	23	21	47	29
ADF (r)					-0.01	-0.27	-0.88	-0.69	0.39	0.02	-0.12	0.39	-0.08	0.03
P-value					0.962	0.077	0.117	<.0001	0.053	0.941	0.597	0.091	0.624	0.870
N					66	45	4	36	25	25	22	20	42	29
LIG (r)						-0.14	1.00	-0.21	-0.23	0.41	0.13	-0.13	-0.33	-0.62
P-value						0.486	.	0.298	0.434	0.160	0.594	0.667	0.091	0.002
N						28	2	26	14	13	20	13	27	23
EE (r)							0.07	0.08	0.96	-1.00	-0.52	-0.68	0.15	-0.78
P-value							0.822	0.643	0.175	.	0.650	0.134	0.637	0.121
N							12	37	3	2	3	6	12	5
CF (r)								0.66	.	.	.	.	-1.00	.
P-value								0.158	.	.	.	.	.	.
N								6	1	0	0	1	2	0
NFC (r)									-1.00	.	-1.00	-0.50	0.14	0.81
P-value									.	.	.	0.396	0.690	0.098
N									2	1	2	5	11	5
Ca (r)										0.29	-0.06	1.00	-0.17	-0.16
P-value										0.168	0.869	0.007	0.539	0.592
N										24	11	3	16	13
P (r)											-0.13	-1.00	-0.41	-0.70
P-value											0.708	.	0.112	0.008
N											11	2	16	13
TPC (r)												0.77	-0.49	-0.47
P-value												0.010	0.040	0.122
N												10	18	12
CT (r)													-0.43	-0.45
P-value													0.221	0.370
N													10	6
DMD (r)														0.74
P-value														0.001
N														17

Variable	-----------------------PC1-----------------------	-----------------------PC2-----------------------
OM	0.161424	0.496260
CP	0.057430	-0.887807
NDF	0.946607	0.039986
ADF	0.929570	0.148039
Eigenvalue	1.842850	1.004661
Maximum accumulated variance (%)	46.1	71.2