Adoption behavior of lemon growers towards essential oil extraction technology in the Pothwar region of Punjab, Pakistan

Anjum, Fouzia; Muhammad, Sher; Siddiqui, Badar Naseem; Yaseen, Muhammad

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20230340

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RURAL EXTENSION • Cienc. Rural 54 (10) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20230340 copy

Adoption behavior of lemon growers towards essential oil extraction technology in the Pothwar region of Punjab, Pakistan

Comportamento de adoção de produtores de limão em relação à tecnologia de extração de óleo essencial na região de Pothwar em Punjab, Paquistão

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

This study assessed the adoption level of essential oil extraction practices among lemon growers in the Pothwar region of Punjab, Pakistan. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 138 smallholders using the interview method by trained remunerators. Descriptive statistics and econometrics; logit and Poisson regression were employed for data analysis. Results of farmers’ perceptions of adopting new practices indicated that 10.1% of the farmers are not adopting any one, 22.5% are adopting any three, and 26.8% are adopting all four practices. Moreover, farmers’ age, farming experience, land holding, skill, training participation, and receptivity proved to be statistically significant determinants in improving the likelihood of adopting all four practices under the logit and Poisson models, respectively. Hence, it is recommended that the provision of an effective package in the form of literature concerning essential oil extraction practices to the doorsteps of smallholders during demonstration sessions, along with adequate professional training, could help in improving farmers’ perceptions toward adoption and strengthening the essential oil sector.

Key words:
adoption; aromatic plants; socio-economic characteristics; essential oil extraction; logitand Poisson; Pakistan

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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[1] Email:shermuhammadnioa@yahoo.com.^*Corresponding author.

Variable	Type	Measurement
Y₁ = Adoption of horticultural practices for essential oil extraction of aromatic plants	Dummy	1 if the farmer uses horticultural practices for lemon growing and essential oil extraction, 0 otherwise
Y₂ = Adoption of using a distillation unit for essential oil extraction	Dummy	1 if the farmer uses a distillation unit for lemon essential oil extraction, 0 otherwise
Y₃= Adoption of preparation methods of byproducts	Dummy	1 if the farmer uses byproducts preparation methods, 0 otherwise
Y₄= Adoption of economic training	Dummy	1 if the farmer prefers to grow lemon crop over traditional farming on an economic basis, 0 otherwise
Y: Poisson model	Categorical	values ranging from 0 to 4, where lemon essential oil extraction technology is the sum of four dummy (0,1) variables for the adoption of four practices: (1) horticultural practices for lemon growing; (2) using distillation unit for essential oil extraction; (3) preparation methods of byproducts; and (4) economic training
X₁ = Age (year)	Continuous	Age in years
X₂ = Education	Categorical	1. Illiterate, 2. Up to primary 3. Matric 4. Middle 5. Intermediate and 6. Graduate and above
X₃=Farming experience (year)	Continuous	Farm experience in years
X₄ = Farm size	Continuous	Land size (kanal)
X₅= Participation in training by master trainers	Dummy	1 if the farmer has participated in the training, 0 otherwise
X₆ =Land ownership	Dummy	1 for own land; 0 for tenant land
X₇= Knowledge level improvement	Dummy	1 if knowledge improves, 0 otherwise
X₈= Skill development	Dummy	1 if skill improves, 0 otherwise
X₉=Low operational cost	Dummy	1 if low operational cost, 0 otherwise
X₁₀=Positive opinion from a fellow farmer	Dummy	1 if positive opinion from a fellow farmer, 0 otherwise
X₁₁ = Profit orientation	Dummy	1 if the practice is profit-oriented, 0 otherwise
X₁₂= Receptivity to the practices	Likert scale	values ranging from 1: poor, to 5: excellent with the following statement: 'Concerning lemon essential oil extraction practices for smallholders, I prefer to acquire it with all the available technological options

-----------------------------------------------------------------------Variable(N-138)-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Variable	Options	Frequency	Percentage	Mean	Standard deviation
------------------------------------------------------Age (year)---------------------------------------------------				34.5	24.28
	Less than 30	18	13.04
	31-40	66	47.83
	41-50	41	29.71
	Above 50	13	9.42
---------------------------------------------------Education (year)-----------------------------------------------				23	19.70
	Illiterate	54	39.13
	Up to primary	12	8.70
	Matric	28	20.29
	Middle	35	25.36
	Intermediate	06	4.35
	Graduate and above	03	2.17
--------------------------------------------Farming experience (year)------------------------------------------				27.6	21.24
	No experience	02	1.45
	Less than 05	13	9.42
	05-10	26	18.84
	11-15	54	39.13
	16 and above	43	31.16
------------------------------------------------Farm Size(kanal)-------------------------------------------------				34.5	11.85
	01-08	32	23.19
	09-24	46	33.34
	25-40	41	29.71
	41 and above	19	13.76
Participation in training via master trainers	No Yes	48 90	34.80 65.20	0.65	0.48
Land ownership	No Yes	88 50	63.77 36.23	0.64	0.58
Knowledge level improvement	No Yes	41 97	29.70 70.30	0.70	0.46
Skill development	No Yes	59 79	42.80 57.20	0.57	0.50
Low operational cost	No Yes	76 62	55.07 44.93	0.45	0.50
The positive opinion from a fellow farmer	No Yes	56 82	40.58 59.42	0.63	0.48
Profit orientation	No Yes	53 85	38.40 61.60	0.62	0.49
Receptivity to the practices	1= Poor 2= Fair 3= Satisfactory 4= Good 5= Excellent	10 12 25 59 32	07.25 08.70 18.11 42.75 23.19	3.66	1.14

Practices	Adopters	Frequency of adoption (%)	Observations
Adoption of best horticultural practices of growing lemon for essential oil	79	57.2	138
Use of a distillation unit for oil extraction	88	63.8	138
Byproducts preparatory methods	79	57.2	138
Economic training	64	46.4	138
Non-adopters	14	10.1	138
Adoption of any one practice (low-level)	25	18.1	138
Adoption of any two practices (medium level)	31	22.5	138
Adoption of any three practices (medium level)	31	22.5	138
Adoption of four practices (high level)	37	26.8	138

Variables (Independents)	(Dependents)	Logit				Poisson Y (1,2,3,4)
		Adoption of best horticultural practices (Y₁)	Use of distillation unit for oil extraction(Y₂)	Byproducts preparatory methods(Y₃)	Economic training (Y₄)
Intercept	ß (Std-error) P-values	-6.03 ^ (2.26) 0.01^	1.62 (2.26) 0.47	-2.39 (3.47) (0.49)	-5.03 (2.69) 0.06	-1.38 (0.62) (0.02) ^*
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Age (X₁)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Less than 30	ß (Std-error) Marginal effect P-values	-0.81 (1.02) -0.11 0.34	-1.13 (0.86) -0.10 -0.11	-1.13 (0.82) -0.01 0.88	-1.09 (0.66) -0.18 0.10	0.07 (0.19) 0.16 0.73
41-50	ß (Std-error) Marginal effect P-values	-3.21 ^* (1.43) -0.42 ^* 0.01^**	2.95 ^* (1.29) 0.26^** 0.02^*	2.28^* (1.15) 0.22^* 0.04^*	-0.66 (0.75) -0.11 0.38	-0.09 (0.17) -0.20 0.62
Above 50	ß (Std-error) Marginal effect P-values	-0.48 (0.90) -0.05 0.54	-1.49 (1.35) -0.15 0.27	-0.05 (1.53) -0.01 0.97	-0.18 (1.26) -0.03 0.89	-0.13 (0.30) -0.29 0.66
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Education (X₂)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Illiterate	ß (Std-error) Marginal effect P-values	2.57 (1.53) 0.27 0.09	-2.79 (1.76) -0.24 0.17	0.16 (2.86) 0.02 0.96	-0.23 (1.66) -0.04 0.89	-0.12 (0.50) -0.28 0.81
Up to Primary	ß (Std-error) Marginal effect P-values	0.48 (1.72) 0.06 0.78	-2.37 (2.00) -0.25 0.24	-0.89 (2.95) -0.10 0.76	0.28 (1.78) 0.05 0.87	-0.31 (0.54) -0.69 0.56
Matric	ß (Std-error) Marginal effect P-values	-3.25 (3.38) -0.08 0.99		-1.45 (2.88) -0.16 0.61	0.61 (1.69) 0.10 0.72	-0.16 (0.50) -0.37 0.76
Middle	ß (Std-error) Marginal effect P-values	0.10 (1.55) 0.01 0.95	-2.41 (1.85) -0.24 0.19	-0.21 (1.83) -0.02 0.94	0.43 (1.65) 0.07 0.80	0.04 (0.50) 0.11 0.93
Intermediate	ß (Std-error) Marginal effect P-values	0.68 (2.07) 0.08 0.74	-1.69 (2.27) -0.17 0.45	-0.79 (3.11) -0.09 0.80	2.32 (2.00) 0.35 0.24	-0.01 (0.54) -0.01 0.99
Low operational cost (X₉)	ß (Std-error) Marginal effect P-values	1.44 (0.85) 0.16 0.09	1.70 ^* (0.80) 0.20 ^* 0.03^*	0.85 (0.70) 0.10 0.22	0.35 (0.57) 0.06 0.54	0.16 (0.16) 0.38 0.32
Profit orientation (X₁₁)	ß (Std-error) Marginal effect P-values	0.15 (0.62) 0.02 0.81	-1.46 (0.92) -0.13 0.11	-1.32 (0.83) -0.13 0.11	0.79 (0.58) 0.14 0.17	0.08 (0.17) 0.18 0.66

Variables (Independents)	(Dependents)	Logit					Poisson Y (1,2,3,4)
		Best horticultural practices (Y₁)	Distillation unit for oil extraction(Y₂)	Byproducts preparatory methods(Y₃)		Economic training (Y₄)
Participation in training by master trainers (X₆)	ß (Std-error) Marginal effect P-values	2.02^ (0.77) 0.26 ^ 0.01 ^**	-0.12 (0.63) -0.01 0.85	1.61^* (0.77) 0.20^* 0.04^*		-0.17 (0.59) -0.03 0.77	0.25 (0.14) 0.58 0.08
Knowledge improvement (X₇)	ß (Std-error) Marginal effect P-values	0.35 (0.73) 0.04 0.63	0.18 (0.67) 0.02 0.79	1.06 (0.87) 0.11 0.22		0.29 (0.70) 0.05 0.68	0.29 (0.19) 0.69 0.13
Skill development (X₈)	ß (Std-error) Marginal effect P-values	-1.23 (0.69) -0.13^* 0.08	-1.17 (0.66) -0.12 0.07	-0.29 (0.76) -0.03 0.70		1.40 ^* (0.64) 0.24^* 0.03^*	0.04 (0.15) 0.10 0.76
Positive opinion from a fellow farmer (X₁₀)	ß (Std-error) Marginal effect P-values	-2.06 (0.91) -0.17^** 0.02^*	0.69 (0.69) 0.08 0.32	-0.64 (1.18) -0.07 0.59		0.98 (0.97) 0.17 0.31	0.09 (0.16) 0.20 0.59
-------------------------------------------------------------Receptivity to the practices (X₁₂)----------------------------------------------------------------
2 = Fair	ß (Std-error) Marginal effect P-values	0.60 (1.69) 0.05 0.72	-0.57 (1.47) -0.07 0.70	-0.45 (1.78) -0.05 0.80		1.64 (0.53) 0.27 0.28
3 = Satisfactory	ß (Std-error) Marginal effect P-values	3.65 ^* (1.51) 0.48 ^*** 0.02^*	-0.34 (1.25) -0.04 0.79	0.62 (1.53) 0.08 0.69		1.27 (1.47) 0.20 0.39
4 = Good	ß (Std-error) Marginal effect P-values	5.07 ^ (1.81) 0.68 ^* 0.01^**	3.06^* (1.47) 0.45 ^* 0.04^*	3.42 ^* (1.60) 0.52^** 0.03^*		1.75 (1.47) 0.29 0.24
5 = Excellent	ß (Std-error) Marginal effect P-values	6.52 ^ (2.27) 0.81 ^* 0.00^**	5.84 ^ (1.97) 0.67 ^* 0.00^**	5.61^** (1.93)	0.73 ^* 0.00^	3.03 (1.63) 0.52^* 0.06	0.38 (0.11) 0.88^ 0.00^*