The water footprint of beef cattle in the amazon region, Brazil

Rodrigues Junior, Urandi João; Dziedzic, Maurício

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20190294

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Animal Production • Cienc. Rural 51 (8) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20190294 copy

The water footprint of beef cattle in the amazon region, Brazil

A pegada hídrica da cadeia produtiva da pecuária na região amazônica

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Food production and water scarcity, both in constant growth and intrinsically linked, are subjects of great relevance in current studies in several areas of knowledge. The impacts generated by the production of beef are at the center of major environmental debates, especially the consumption of water for the production and development of the livestock production chain. This research analyzed the use of water resources in the production of beef in the Amazon biome. The water footprint for beef cattle was of 13,074 L.kg^-1 compared to a world average of 21,829 L.kg^-1. Based on the data obtained it was possible to demonstrate that the presence and operationalization of this production chain in the Amazon is more efficient from the water point of view than in the other locations reported in the literature.

Key words:
water resources; agribusiness; environmental management

Authorship

Urandi João Rodrigues Junior^*E-mail: urandi.rodrigues@ufopa.edu.br. *Corresponding author.

Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA), 68040-470, Santarém, PA, Brasil. Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA),BrazilSantarém, PA, BrazilInstituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA), 68040-470, Santarém, PA, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9425-3564

Maurício Dziedzic

Programa de Pós-graduação em Meio Ambiente, Universidade Ceuma (UNICEUMA), São Luís, MA, Brasil.Universidade Ceuma (UNICEUMA)BrazilSão Luís, MA, BrazilPrograma de Pós-graduação em Meio Ambiente, Universidade Ceuma (UNICEUMA), São Luís, MA, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8947-0129

E-mail: urandi.rodrigues@ufopa.edu.br. ^*Corresponding author.

DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

The work reported herein results from Urandi João Rodrigues Junior’s doctoral research under Maurício Dziedzic’s supervision. Both authors contributed to the manuscript, critically revised it, and approved of the final version.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (3)
Tables (3)

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Figure 1
Location of research area 1 in relation to: (a) Brazil, (b) Pará, (c) and the Amazon Basin; (d) image of the research area.

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Figure 2
Location of research area 2 in relation to: (a) Brazil (b) Mato Grosso (c) and the Amazon Basin; (d) image of the research area.

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Figure 3
Estimated water footprint in each biome for three scenarios of occupancy rate.

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Table 1
Data for the calculation of the green water footprint of pasture (Brachiaria grass) grown for beef cattle grazing.

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Table 2
Data for the calculation of the green water footprint of pasture (Brachiaria grass) grown for beef cattle grazing.

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Table 3
Results presented in other publications using the water footprint methodology for beef cattle compared to the present research.

Figure 1 Location of research area 1 in relation to: (a) Brazil, (b) Pará, (c) and the Amazon Basin; (d) image of the research area.

Figure 2 Location of research area 2 in relation to: (a) Brazil (b) Mato Grosso (c) and the Amazon Basin; (d) image of the research area.

Figure 3 Estimated water footprint in each biome for three scenarios of occupancy rate.

Table 1 Data for the calculation of the green water footprint of pasture (Brachiaria grass) grown for beef cattle grazing.

DATA	SOURCE	UNIT
AREA SIZE	Farmer	ha
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION daily average	CROPWAT	mm.day^-1
Cultivation period	Farmer / (VEIGA, 2005)	days
Total days of cultivation	Farmer / (VEIGA, 2005)	days
Production Average: pasture per hectare (converted into tons)	BALSALOBRE (2008)	kg.ha^-¹

Table 2 Data for the calculation of the green water footprint of pasture (Brachiaria grass) grown for beef cattle grazing.

DATA	SOURCE	UNIT
AREA SIZE	Farmer	ha
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION daily average	CROPWAT	mm.day^-1
Cultivation period	Farmer / (VEIGA, 2005)	days
Total days of cultivation	Farmer / (VEIGA, 2005)	days
Production Average: pasture per hectare (converted into tons)	BALSALOBRE (2008)	kg.ha^-¹

Table 3 Results presented in other publications using the water footprint methodology for beef cattle compared to the present research.

Research / Author	Production system	Green water footprint (L)	Blue water footprint (L)	Grey water footprint (L)	TOTAL water footprint	% Green part	% Blue partl	% Grey part
Brazil without pasture management (MENDONÇA et al. 2010MENDONÇA, F. C.; SANTOS, P. M.; CAVALCANTE, A. C. R. Irrigação de pastagens. In: PIRES, A. V. (Ed.). Bovinocultura de corte. Piracicaba: FEALQ, 2010. p.473-508.)	Pasture (without management)	26,196	34	0	26,230	99.9%	1.0%	0.0%
India - Hoesktra et al. (2012) pasture	Pasture	25,913	242	0	26,155	99.1%	0.9%	0.0%
Brazil (Report 48 - 2010 Mekonnen et al. (2010MEKONNEN, M. M., HOEKSTRA, A. Y., A global and high-resolution assessment of the green, blue and grey water footprint of wheat. 2010. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 14 (7),1259-1276. Available from: <Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45492176_A_global_and_high-resolution_assessment_of_the_green_blue_and_grey_water_footprint_of_wheat >. Accessed: Aug. 28, 2017. doi: 10.5194/hess-14-1259-2010. https://www.researchgate.net/publication... ) pasture	Pasture	23,279	150	16	23,445	99.3%	0.6%	0.1%
Mundial average (pasture) - Hoesktra et al. (2012)	Pasture	21,121	465	243	21,829	96.8%	2.1%	1.1%
USA - Hoesktra et al. (2012) pasture	Pasture	19,102	525	590	20,217	94.5%	2.6%	2.9%
Australia (Report 48 - 2010 Mekonnen et al. (2010MEKONNEN, M. M., HOEKSTRA, A. Y., A global and high-resolution assessment of the green, blue and grey water footprint of wheat. 2010. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 14 (7),1259-1276. Available from: <Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45492176_A_global_and_high-resolution_assessment_of_the_green_blue_and_grey_water_footprint_of_wheat >. Accessed: Aug. 28, 2017. doi: 10.5194/hess-14-1259-2010. https://www.researchgate.net/publication... ) pasture	Pasture	18,056	745	55	18,856	95.8%	4.0%	0.3%
China - Hoesktra et al. (2012) pasture	Pasture	16,140	213	0	16,353	98.7%	1.3%	0.0%
Russia (Report 48 - 2010 Mekonnen et al. (2010MEKONNEN, M. M., HOEKSTRA, A. Y., A global and high-resolution assessment of the green, blue and grey water footprint of wheat. 2010. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 14 (7),1259-1276. Available from: <Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45492176_A_global_and_high-resolution_assessment_of_the_green_blue_and_grey_water_footprint_of_wheat >. Accessed: Aug. 28, 2017. doi: 10.5194/hess-14-1259-2010. https://www.researchgate.net/publication... ) pasture	Pasture	15,182	411	200	15,793	96.1%	2.6%	1.3%
Global Weighted Average (pasture, industrial and mixed)- Hoesktra et al. (2012)	Pasture, Industrial and Mixed	14,414	550	451	15,415	94.0%	4.0%	2.0%
Greece Hoekstra and Chapagain (2004) - Mean between systems	Pasture, Industrial and Mixed	13,979	595	297	14,871	94.0%	4.0%	2.0%
Portugal Hoekstra and Chapagain (2004) - Mean between systems	Pasture, Industrial and Mixed	13,356	568	284	14,208	94.0%	4.0%	2.0%
Area 2 -Mato Grosso Average	Pasture	13,542	125	0	13,667	99.1%	0.9%	0.0%
Brazil with pasture management (MENDONÇA et al. 2010MENDONÇA, F. C.; SANTOS, P. M.; CAVALCANTE, A. C. R. Irrigação de pastagens. In: PIRES, A. V. (Ed.). Bovinocultura de corte. Piracicaba: FEALQ, 2010. p.473-508.)	Pasture (with management)	12,199	34	1,107	13,340	91.4%	1.0%	8.3%
Global average between 1985-1999 Hanasaki et al. (2010)	Pasture, Industrial and Mixed	12,410	518	259	12,960	94.0%	4.0%	3.0%
Area 1 - Pará - Average	Pasture	12,348	133	0	12,481	98.9%	1.1%	0.0%
Turkey - Hoekstra and Chapagain (2004) - Average among systems	Pasture, Industrial and Mixed	10,341	440	220	11,001	94.0%	4.0%	2.0%
France - Hoekstra and Chapagain (2004) - Average among systems	Pasture, Industrial and Mixed	7,547	321	161	8,029	94.0%	4.0%	2.0%

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[1] E-mail: urandi.rodrigues@ufopa.edu.br. ^*Corresponding author.