The impact of NPK fertilizers on rice seed germination during storageABSTRACT:
Rice is a staple food for more than half of the world’s population. The seed affects the productivity and sustainability of this crop. This study evaluated the germination of seeds treated with three doses of NPK fertilizer during nine months of storage. The experimental design was a randomized block with treatments in a 4x4 factorial scheme with three replications. The Irga 424 RI cultivar was used during the 2018/19 and 2019/20 harvests. High fertilization levels improved seed germination in both harvests. Storage time affected the germination rate of all treatment types. In the 2019/20 harvest, the germination rate was > 80% until the ninth month of storage.
Key words:
Oryza sativa
; seed quality; macronutrient; seed aging.
RESUMO:
O arroz é o principal alimento para mais da metade da população mundial. A semente impacta a produtividade e a sustentabilidade desta cultura. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a germinação de sementes de arroz, durante nove meses de armazenamento, submetidas a três níveis de fertilizantes NPK. Para cumprir com o objetivo do estudo, o delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com tratamentos em esquema fatorial 4x4, com três repetições. Foi utilizada a cultivar Irga 424 RI nas safras 2018/19 e 2019/20. As análises foram realizadas após a secagem (“pós-colheita”) e aos 3, 6 e 9 meses e foram armazenadas sob temperatura e umidade controladas. Os resultados mostram que altos níveis de fertilizantes melhoraram a germinação das sementes nas duas safras e que o tempo de armazenamento impactou a germinação em todos os tratamentos, uma vez que, na safra 2019/20, o percentual de germinação foi > 80% até o nono mês de armazenamento. Evidenciou-se altos níveis de fertilizantes NPK contribuem para a manutenção da qualidade fisiológica e do potencial germinativo das sementes durante o armazenamento.
Palavras-chave:
Oryza sativa
; qualidade de sementes; macronutrientes; envelhecimento
INTRODUCTION
Seed physiological quality refers to the seed’s ability to maintain viability, vigor, and germination potential both under field conditions and throughout the storage period. It is influenced by genetic, physiological, and environmental factors during seed development, harvest, processing, and storage (MAHJABIN & ABIDI, 2015; EMBRAPA, 2024). Among these factors, mineral nutrition during crop development plays a decisive role in the formation of seeds with high physiological quality and longevity.
Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are macronutrients essential for key physiological processes such as photosynthesis, enzyme activation, energy metabolism, and the biosynthesis of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates (TAIZ et al., 2017; SALISBURY & ROSS, 2012). These nutrients are directly involved in the accumulation of storage reserves, maintenance of membrane integrity, and modulation of antioxidant defense systems, all of which are crucial for seed viability and longevity during storage (NADARAJAH, 2020; DAR et al., 2019).
Adequate N supply is critical for protein synthesis and chlorophyll production, contributing to the filling and vigor of seeds, particularly under favorable climatic conditions (ZHAO et al., 2023). P plays an important role in energy transfer, nucleic acid synthesis, and membrane formation, influencing seed vigor and the efficiency of reserve mobilization during germination (MAMATHA et al., 2024; MARCOS-FILHO, 2015; FIDELIS et al., 2013). K, in turn, is essential for osmotic regulation, enzymatic activation, and transport processes, directly impacting seed development, stress tolerance, and vigor (BEWLEY et al., 2013).
Deficiencies in any of these nutrients during seed development can compromise the deposition of reserves, the synthesis of antioxidants, and membrane stability, leading to seeds with lower physiological quality and shorter longevity (MARCOS-FILHO, 2015; HAMPTON & TEKRONY, 1995). Empirical studies confirm that suboptimal N levels reduce protein content in seeds, accelerating physiological aging and reducing vigor (ZAINOL et al., 2023). Similar results are reported for deficiencies in P and K, which alter the biochemical composition and structural stability of seeds, affecting their performance in storage (TSAI et al., 1992).
Although the individual roles of N, P, and K in plant development are well documented, few studies have directly evaluated how different fertilization levels with NPK influence the physiological quality of rice seeds and their germination behavior during storage. Available studies are scarce and often report inconsistent results, partly due to variations in environmental conditions, genotypes, and fertilization management practices (TURKINGTON et al., 2008; RAO et al., 2023).
In this context, this research was based on the hypothesis that increasing NPK fertilization levels positively influences the physiological quality of rice seeds, enhancing their germination performance during storage. This study evaluated the germination capacity of rice seeds subjected to different NPK fertilization levels during seed production and their behavior over a defined storage period.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experiments for the 2018/19 and 2019/20 harvests were conducted at Fazenda Palma (31.0017919S 51.6395181W), in Camaquã, RS, Brazil in soil classified as Eutrophic Inseptic Histic Melanic Gleysol (EMBRAPA, 2018), whose characteristics are shown in table 1. The experimental design was a randomized block with treatments in a 4x4 factorial scheme with three replications. For each treatment type, 0.5 hectare was cultivated at a seeding density of 90 kg.ha1. The Irga 424 RI cultivar was used in irrigated rice cultivation. The crops were sown on October 10 for the 2018/19 harvest and October 2 for the 2019/20 harvest.
Based on the Brazilian Irrigated Rice Society guidelines (SOSBAI, 2018), medium, high, and very high fertilization levels were used, in addition to unfertilized controls. The total amounts of each nutrient are shown in table 2.
Growth stage V3 corresponds to vegetative development showing three leaves with collars on the main stem, indicating initial crop establishment and the beginning of the formation of the functional root system. Stage R0 corresponds to the beginning of reproductive development, when the shoot apex begins the initiation of panicle structures, which are still not visible externally. This transition from the vegetative phase to the reproductive phase is critical, as it defines the potential for producing tillers and spikelets (COUNCE et al., 2000). Therefore, urea (45-00-00) was used for N, KCl (with 60% K) was used for K, and P2O5 (46% P) was used for P. KCl and P2O5 were applied before sowing. Following COUNCE et al. (2000), N was applied at stages V3 and R0 in 67% and 33% proportions, respectively. Irrigation began at stage V3, 24 hours after urea was applied.
The experimental area was desiccated with glyphosate (4.0 L.ha-1) and mineral oil (0.5 L.ha-1) 30 days prior to the experiment. The seeds were treated with the commercial products thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin (4.0 ml.kg-1) and metalaxyl-M + fludioxonil (1.0 ml.kg-1). Imazapyr + imazapic (200.00 g.ha-1), epoxiconazole + kresoxim-methyl (750.00 ml.ha-1), and acetamiprid + fenpropathrin (600.00 ml.ha-1) were used for herbicide and phytosanitary management during crop development.
The 2018/19 harvest occurred on March 15, 2019, with the harvest moisture content between 19.5% and 20.5%. The 2019/20 harvest occurred on March 6, 2020, with the harvest moisture content between 20% and 21%. After harvesting, samples from the 2018/19 and 2019/20 harvests were dried, with moisture content of 11%-12.2% and 11.8%-12.2%, respectively. An air-sieve seed-cleaning machine was used to remove impurities and foreign matter. The grains were then dried in a stationary sample dryer (12 kg/hour capacity) at a grain mass temperature between 35 ºC and 37 ºC.
Analyses were performed after drying (“post-harvest”) and at three, six, and nine months. The seeds were stored at the Rancho King Seed processing unit (Lat. 30.8724123S Long. 18056921W) under controlled temperature and humidity, as described in table 3. The grains were stored in conventional polypropylene bags.
The Rules for Seed Analysis (BRASIL, 2009) were followed to test germination and break dormancy, with pre-treatment of seeds at 41 ºC for five days in a greenhouse with forced air circulation. A paper roll was used as substrate, and four replicates of 100 seeds were distributed on a sheet of germitest paper, which was moistened with a quantity of water equal to 2.5 times the mass of the not hydrated paper. They were then covered with a second sheet and, immediately afterwards, rolled up and stored in a germinator at 25 ºC. Counts were performed 14 days after sowing.
Climatic data on daily global solar radiation (MJ m-2 day-1) were collected during the 2018/19 and 2019/20 harvests. The data were obtained from the automatic weather station closest to the experimental site, which is part of the Brazilian Institute of Meteorology (INMET) network. The station is in Camaquã, RS, approximately 15 km from the experimental site.
Solar radiation was analyzed between October 2018 and March 2020, based on monthly averages. The analysis compared the incidence of solar radiation between the two harvests and relate it to seed physiological quality, especially the germination rates observed after storage. The data were organized in electronic spreadsheets and analyzed descriptively. Variation in solar radiation between years was considered a complementary factor in interpreting the effects of fertilization on germination.
After analysis of variance (P ≤ 0.05), the normality of the residuals was verified with the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the means were compared with the Tukey test (P ≤ 0.05). These tests were performed in R Studio, while the statistical graphs were produced in Sigma Plot 14.0.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The interaction between variables was significant in both the 2018/19 harvest (P < 0.05) and the 2019/20 harvest (P < 0.01). The analyses indicated significant interactions between germination and nutrients throughout the storage period. The harvests were evaluated separately due to different responses to fertilizer levels over time (COSTA et al., 2003). Figure 1 shows the germination percentage over nine months of storage for each fertilizer dose in the 2018/2019 harvest, with the bars representing standard deviations.
Germination percentage for each fertilizer dose during nine months of storage after the 2018/2019 harvest.
The highest fertilizer level had the highest germination potential. Although the germination percentage was similar for all doses in the third month, in the sixth month the highest dose had the highest germination rates (> 80%) (Figure 1). The sixth month of storage is the most important for rice seeds, since it is when the seeds are sown, ie, they must express their full germination capacity. Thus, very high NPK doses are important for germination at the time of planting. The control and mean doses showed similar behavior throughout storage, with germination < 80% in the sixth month of storage. As in the third month of storage, all doses showed similar germination percentages in the ninth month (> 80%).
Figure 2 shows the germination percentage for each fertilizer dose over nine months of storage after the 2019/2020 harvest. Although the germination rate for the 2019/20 harvest (Figure 2) was > 80% for all doses throughout storage, the highest dose of fertilizer had the highest germination rate in the sixth month of storage, which, as previously mentioned, is the most important. Higher germination rates lead to greater production in the field (SCHUCH et al., 2000; VANZOLINI & CARVALHO, 2002; HÖFS et al., 2004). In addition, behavior in the ninth month of storage was like the previous harvest, with all doses showing similar germination percentages.
Germination percentage for each fertilizer dose during nine months of storage after the 2019/2020 harvest.
Table 4 describes the germination percentage at each time point for each fertilizer dose in both harvests. The 2018/19 harvest showed little variation in germination rates among the three fertilization doses and controls. There was a significant difference between the doses only soon after harvest (post-harvest) and at six months, with the very high dose showing significantly better results (Table 4).
Rice production can be affected to varying degrees by air temperature and solar radiation. Solar radiation is one climate factor that has proven important for the physiological quality of rice. The solar radiation requirement of rice crops varies from one phenological phase to another, with the reproductive phase being the most demanding. Along with solar radiation, temperature is one of the most important climatic factors for the growth, development, and productivity of rice (SINCLAIR & MUCHOW, 1999; PASCALE & DAMARIO, 2004; SARMENTO et al., 2010).
In the 2018/19 harvest, during the second ten days of December and the first and second ten days of January, solar radiation was 15% below the climatological mean (Table 5). The reproductive phase, which coincided with December and January, was when the plant required the most solar radiation for photosynthesis and to translocate photoassimilates for grain filling. Thus, low solar radiation may have affected the physiological quality and use of available nutrients. This is in line with the results of many studies, ie, that the climatic factor that most impacts physiological quality is solar radiation (STEINMETZ et al., 2013; SOSBAI, 2018). This also agrees with VENSKE et al. (2015), who concluded that the meteorological variable that best explains lower seed quality is solar radiation during the reproductive period due to their finding of lower seed quality among plants sown out of season. Table 5 describes the mean solar radiation in the months of December, January, and February in the 2018/19 and 2019/20 harvests.
In the 2019/20 harvest, there was greater differentiation among the doses during storage, as shown in figure 2 and table 4. The germination percentage was also higher at all time points and for all doses than the 2018/19 harvest. In 2019/20, the very high fertilization dose had significantly better germination until the sixth month of storage. The mean solar radiation was either normal or up to 15% above normal, as shown in table 5, which may have directly affected seed germination, since the plant synthesized the available nutrients more effectively (ZIMMER, 2012). In both harvests, the results for very high NPK dose were similar, being significantly better in the sixth month of storage.
Regarding storage time, lower germination rates are expected due to the dormancy of rice seeds, which, according to MARQUES et al. (2014), is a state of physiological rest in which seed germination is blocked due to the seed’s structure or composition. Thus, even if dormancy is overcome, this characteristic explains lower post-harvest germination rates, as shown in tables 3 and 4. However, in both harvests (especially the 2019/20 harvest), high and very high fertilization seemed to affect the dormancy percentage. The results obtained in this study indicate that high and very high fertilizer doses reduce rice seed dormancy, increasing germination soon after harvest. This behavior may be related to higher nutrient uptake during grain filling, which favors physiological maturation and modulates the hormonal balance between abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA). Previous studies suggested that proper fertilization can reduce ABA accumulation in seeds and/or stimulate gibberellin synthesis, promoting a rapid breaking of dormancy (ZHANG et al., 2021; JIANG et al., 2016; MARCOS FILHO, 2015). Furthermore, increased nutrient availability during reproductive development improves seed physiological quality, which also contributes to reducing dormancy (BEWLEY et al., 2013). Rice seed dormancy, which is induced during development, is affected by light, temperature, humidity, and the nutritional status of the plant (TAKAHOSHI, 1995). Therefore, increased levels of solar radiation and improved nutritional status help overcome dormancy.
It is important to note that Brazilian legislation (IN 9/2009) has established a minimum germination rate of 80% for commercialized rice seeds. Thus, seeds that do not achieve this rate are to be rejected and discarded (BRASIL, 2009).
Although solar radiation differed widely between the two harvests, the maximum and minimum temperatures, which also affect rice crops, were similar. As shown in table 6, the mean minimum and maximum temperatures were 15 °C and 35 °C, respectively, for both the 2018/19 and 2019/20 harvests, which are considered ideal for irrigated rice cultivation (SOSBAI, 2018). This is probably why temperature had less impact on seed physiological quality compared to solar radiation.
The results of the 2019/20 harvest indicated that solar radiation and NPK nutrition are associated with the physiological attributes of the seeds, although this relationship is often nonlinear (BARROSO-NETO et al., 2025). These results agreed with BONO et al. (2008), who found that corn seed germination increased with higher N fertilization, as well as with MARINHO et al. (2020), who found that N fertilization was essential for quality wheat seeds. A lack of this nutrient may impair reserve formation in seeds, which may reduce their physiological performance (KOLCHINSKI & SCHUCH, 2004).
Studies have shown that phosphate compounds are crucial for the various reactions that occur in seeds. WERNER et al. (2020) concluded that P plays an essential role in the physiological quality of soybean seeds but does not interfere with productivity. The results obtained in this study indicated that high and very high P doses promoted higher rice seed germination rates. This behavior is consistent with the findings of ROSE & RAYMOND (2020), who reported that the application of 60 kg.ha-1 of P2O5 resulted in a significant increase in the germination rate (from 75% to 88%) and vigor index of rice seeds stored for six months. Similarly, raising the P dose to 90 kg.ha-1 has shown to contribute to increased seedling dry weight, suggesting that P improves rice seed physiological quality by increasing reserve mobilization. Research on the effect of high K doses on germination is extremely scarce (PLANTSAFE, 2023).
K plays a key role in improving the quality and longevity of rice seeds, acting on multiple physiological levels and during reproductive development. Therefore, an adequate supply of K favors the accumulation of storage reserves, uniformity of grain filling, and membrane stability, which are essential factors to ensure high germination and vigor (FAGERIA et al., 2010; CHEN et al., 2022). Our results are consistent with this description of the critical role of K. Specifically, our results align with those of GROHS et al. (2020), who demonstrated that K influences the physiological quality of grains, with the highest vigor and germination rates occurring when K was applied before the V3 stage, a premise used in the present study. Our results are also consistent with the findings of CHEN et al. (2022), who highlighted that K not only improves initial germination but also contributes to the long-term preservation of rice seeds, making K an essential element to produce rice seeds with superior physiological quality and extended longevity.
We did not find an absolute linear correlation between nutrition and physiological potential, mainly because the germination rate was evaluated throughout storage rather than at a single time point. However, for both harvests, the relationship between nutrition and physiological potential was directly expressed in the sixth month of storage.
During storage, it is of utmost importance to monitor relative humidity and temperature to understand the seed deterioration process. Table 3 shows the relative humidity and temperature throughout storage for both harvests.
The mean temperature was similar in both harvests, but the relative humidity was lower in the first six months of the 2019/20 harvest than the 2018/19 harvest. Nevertheless, we were unable to relate these variations to the results, probably because research shows that any relative humidity between 70% and 80% has similar effects on seed degradation (ZHOU et al., 2002; XIA et al., 2017). In addition, the association between temperature and relative humidity has a greater impact on storage. Therefore, these two storage factors do not appear to have accelerated the natural aging process of the seed.
CONCLUSION
Very high NPK fertilization levels improved seed germination and reduced dormancy in both harvests. Seeds from these treatments maintained germination rates above 80% even after nine months of storage. Fertilization influenced germination stability over time, and environmental conditions, such as solar radiation, also contributed to the results. Therefore, higher NPK doses positively impacted seed physiological quality and longevity during storage.
High NPK doses favored the germination of rice seeds during storage, especially from the sixth month onward, reducing dormancy and contributing to the physiological stability of the seeds over nine months of storage. Very high NPK doses showed the best results in both harvests, but their behavior differed slightly. The 2019/20 harvest, subjected to greater solar radiation, maintained germination above 80% in all treatments up to the ninth month, suggesting that environmental conditions also influence the physiological expression of seeds. The interaction between nutrition and environment indicated that proper fertilization can prolong seed viability, which is decisive for maintaining seed quality during storage.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The T.R.T. was partially funded by the Brazilian Federal Agencies: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brazil - Finance Code 001, of which this research is part of.
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