Recommendation of soil fertilization with copper and zinc for soybean crops grown in Petric Plinthosol

Almeida, Rodrigo Estevam Munhoz de; Custódio, Daniel Pettersen; Oliveira, Silas Maciel de; Lima, Lila Soares; Costa, Rodrigo Veras da; Campos, Leonardo José Motta

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20210722

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SOIL SCIENCE • Cienc. Rural 53 (4) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210722 copy

Recommendation of soil fertilization with copper and zinc for soybean crops grown in Petric Plinthosol

Recomendação de adubação de cobre e zinco via solo em soja cultivada em áreas de Plintossolo Pétrico

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Cultivation of soybean and off-season corn is advancing in areas under restricted edaphoclimatic conditions, such as petric plinthosols, which have significant proportions of gravel and are deficiency in micro-nutrients such as copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). The effects of Cu and Zn concentrations on soybean nutrition cultivated in petric plinthosol are unclear, and it is unknown whether the levels considered adequate for other soils are sufficient for gravely soils, or even if higher Cu and Zn rates can cause a toxic effect in soybean. The objective was to compare the response of soybean grown in petric plinthosol and ferralsol to Cu and Zn doses for identifying the changes induced by gravel soils and to evaluate the residual effect on off-season corn grown in ferralsol. Four experiments were carried out with Cu and Zn doses applied to soil with the soybean crop in ferralsol and plinthosol. The leaf tissues of soybean crops in the two soils showed the same rate of increase in Zn concentrations, for each kg·ha^-1 of Zn applied, the increase in Zn was 0.7 mg·kg^-1, suggesting no difference in the effect of Zn fertilization between soils with and without gravel. The dosages of Zn and Cu Oxysulfate applied to soil did not cause residual effects in the off-season corn. The highest doses of Cu and Zn did not have any toxic effects on the plants. The main criteria for interpreting Cu and Zn in soil analysis are thus also applicable to soybean crops grown in petric plinthosol.

Key words:
gravelly soils; nutritional toxicity; micronutrients; petroplintites

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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[1] E-mail: rodrigo.almeida@embrapa.br. ^*Corresponding author

Soil	pH	OM	S	P^*	K	Ca	Mg	H + Al	Al	CTC	V
	CaCl₂	g·kg^-1	--------mg·dm^-3------			----------------------------cmol_c·dm^-3----------------------------					%
Ferralsol	5.53	27.02	14.04	31.07	0.08	2.55	1.33	3.2	0	7.16	55.3
Plinthosol	6.11	28.94	16.66	39.64	0.09	2.95	2.02	2.8	0	7.86	64.4
Soil	Sand	Silt	Clay	B	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn	Gravel ^**
	------------------g·kg^-1 ----------------			---------------------------mg·dm^-3-------------------------					%
Ferralsol	98	492	410	0.38	0.83	49.82	8.22	1.49	0
Plinthosol	280	315	405	0.12	0.8	41.53	6.91	1.35	49

Dose Zn (kg·ha ^-1)	FR	PP	FR	PP	FR	PP	FR	PP	FR	PP	FR	PP	FR	PP
	------yield------		--------N--------		-------P-------		--------K-------		---------S-------		-------Ca-------		------Mg-----
	kg·ha^-1		------------------------------------------------------------g·kg^-1------------------------------------------------------
0	3614	3541	44.7	48.8	2.7	4.2	26.4	20.4	2.21	3.1	6.98	13.8	4.16	5.8
2.5	3248	3136	50.4	53.0	2.4	3.8	24.1	22.8	2.11	2.9	7.51	12.9	3.99	5.3
5	3427	3211	45.7	54.6	2.6	4.9	23.3	20.9	1.99	3.3	7.36	12.1	4.02	5.5
7.5	3479	3407	44.1	50.3	2.7	5.0	28.5	21.7	2.09	3.0	7.31	11.9	4.01	5.6
10	3399	3888	49.3	52.1	2.7	4.7	20.2	21.2	1.99	3.3	6.92	13.3	4.10	5.7
12.5	3753	3580	44.6	55.7	2.6	5.1	23.9	20.2	2.12	3.3	7.02	12.3	4.16	5.6
Averages	3487	3461	46.5 b	52.4 a	2.6 b	4.6 a	24.4 a	21.2 b	2.1 b	3.2 a	7.2 b	12.7 a	4.1 b	5.6 a
	------------------------------------------------------------------Pr > F-------------------------------------------------------------------
Soil (S)	0.6962 ^ns		0.0013^**		< 0.0001^***		0.0137 ^*		< 0.0001^***		< 0.0001^***		< 0.0001^***
Dose (D)	0.1884 ^ns		0.4518 ^ns		0.2121 ^ns		0.3354 ^ns		0.8148 ^ns		0.9557 ^ns		0.1736 ^ns
S^*D	0.6891 ^ns		0.6329 ^ns		0.8478 ^ns		0.2258 ^ns		0.7964 ^ns		0.6126 ^ns		0.7271 ^ns
CV (%)	12.1		11.1		18.1		31.9		4.1		13.1		14.9

Zn dose (kg·ha^-1)	FR	PP	FR	PP	FR	PP	FR	PP	FR	PP
	----------Cu---------		-----------Fe-----------		-----------Mn-----------		------------Zn-----------		-----------B-----------
	------------------------------------------------------------------mg·kg^-1-----------------------------------------------------------------
0	12.27	10.5	169	237.8	21.1	21	36.3	19.2	42.3	46.2
2.5	14.11	11.2	177	227.3	21.8	21.5	36	26	46.5	43.9
5	13.14	12.2	175	262.3	20	27.9	37.8	32.7	44.1	50.6
7.5	13.09	11.9	160	254.7	17.6	23.1	37.8	29.1	39.8	48.2
10	13.74	14.1	182	266	24.1	27.6	45.9	29.8	42.3	48.5
12.5	12.4	11.1	158	260.8	20.5	23.9	43.3	30.7	38.4	50.1
Averages	13.1	11.8	170 b	251 a	20.9	24.2	39.5 a	27.9 b	42.2 b	47.9 a
	-----------------------------------------------------------------Pr > F--------------------------------------------------------------------
Soil (S)	0.0683 ^ns		< 0.0001^***		0.0963 ^ns		< 0.0001^***		< 0.0001^***
Dose (D)	0.3372 ^ns		0.6626 ^ns		0.5604 ^ns		< 0.0001^***		0.0399^*
S^*D	0.8606 ^ns		0.3754 ^ns		0.8494 ^ns		0.259 ^ns		0.0011^**
CV (%)	18		6.5		11.7		10.6		8.2

Zn dose (kg·ha^-1)	Yield	N	P	K	S	Ca	Mg
Zn dose (kg·ha^-1)	kg·ha^-1	----------------------------------------------------g·kg^-1 --------------------------------------------------------
0	9179	33.9	1.57	26.1	1.30	5.05	4.70
2.5	8949	33.2	1.58	27.3	1.75	4.73	4.46
5	8961	34.0	1.35	27.1	1.75	4.85	4.57
7.5	9098	33.2	1.57	26.6	1.53	5.33	4.78
10	8614	33.7	1.21	26.2	1.29	4.99	4.55
12.5	10160	34.0	1.59	27.6	1.62	4.88	4.61
Averages	9160	33.7	1.5	26.8	1.5	5.0	4.6
Pr > F	0.58 ^ns	0.8457 ^ns	0.07 ^ns	0.693 ^ns	0.3119 ^ns	0.4919 ^ns	0.3633 ^ns
CV (%)	13.1	3.5	13.9	6.1	23.8	8.8	4.4

Dose Zn	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn	B
(kg·ha^-1)	----------------------------------------------------------mg·kg^-1------------------------------------------------------------
0	21.1	648	41.6	13.06	9.31
2.5	19.7	646	41.1	14.33	10.22
5	19.6	526	36	14.15	10.28
7.5	18.5	602	37.1	14.66	9.58
10	18.4	563	37.9	14.42	10.37
12.5	17.8	476	33.3	14.53	13.04
Averages	19.2	576	37.9	14.2	10.5
Pr > F	0.372 ^ns	0.0005^***	0.0445^*	0.4537 ^ns	0.7429 ^ns
CV (%)	25.7	14.4	22.8	8.19	22.5

Cu dose (kg·ha^-1)	FR	PP	FR	PP	FR	PP	FR	PP	FR	PP	FR	PP		FR	PP
	------Yield-------		--------N--------		--------P--------		------K------		--------S--------		---------Ca---------			-------Mg------
	kg·ha^-1		----------------------------------------------------------g·kg^-1-------------------------------------------------------------
0	3325	3366	49.9	52.4	2.8	4.7		22.4	20.2	2.19	3.3	6.73	13.9	4.21	6.2
1	3413	3115	46.7	56.5	2.7	4.7		22.5	19.4	2.02	3.4	7.48	13.9	4.22	6.2
2.5	3339	3554	46.2	47.9	2.8	4.7		26.1	20.1	2.21	3.4	7.29	15.2	4.13	6.2
4	3446	3601	47.3	55	2.8	5.5		21.3	20.5	2.15	3.8	6.54	11.6	4.28	6
5.5	3286	3713	50.7	49.8	2.8	5.5		19	20.7	2.23	3.5	6.53	13	4.36	6.1
7	3333	3751	49	48.4	2.7	4.7		22	21.3	2.11	3.2	7.07	13.8	4.27	6.3
Averages	3357	3517	48.3	51.7	2.8 b	5 a		22.2	20.4	2.2 b	3.4 a	6.9 b	13.5 a	4.2 b	6.2 a
	----------------------------------------------------------------------Pr > F-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Soil (S)	0.0996 ^ns		0.0506 ^ns		<.0001^***			0.1705 ^ns		<.0001^***		<.0001^***		<.0001^***
Dose (D)	0.4833 ^ns		0.4784 ^ns		0.4365 ^ns			0.4981 ^ns		0.6775 ^ns		0.0312^*		0.1841 ^ns
S^*D	0.2603 ^ns		0.2932 ^ns		0.8565 ^ns			0.1866 ^ns		0.803 ^ns		0.9025 ^ns		0.0189^*
CV (%)	9.4		10.2		11.13			21.5		18		5.8		2.24

Cu dose	FR	PP	FR	PP	FR	PP	FR	PP	FR	PP
(kg·ha^-1)	-----------Cu------------		------------Fe-----------		--------------Mn--------------		------------Zn-------------		-------------B-----------
	-----------------------------------------------------------------------mg·kg^-1-------------------------------------------------------------------------
0	14.9	10.1	194	266	22.8	27.5	39.9	22.0	45.8	53.9
1	14.8	9.8	182	264	22.7	27.3	39.0	21.9	44.3	54.5
2.5	14.4	9.3	182	261	22.3	31.6	41.0	19.8	43.5	52.7
4	13.4	8.3	184	268	21.6	32.5	35.4	27.7	44.0	57.5
5.5	13.9	9.8	194	266	25.0	32.5	40.5	24.7	45.6	58.5
7	14.3	10.7	186	247	22.6	25.4	37.4	24.6	44.3	54.1
Averages	14.3 a	9.7 b	187 b	262 a	22.8 b	29.5 a	38.9 a	23.5 b	44.6 b	55.2 a
	-----------------------------------------------------------------------Pr > F--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Soil (S)	< 0.0001^***		< 0.0001^***		< 0.0001^***		< 0.0001^***		< 0.0001^***
Dose (D)	0.4563 ^ns		0.6131 ^ns		0.3851 ^ns		0.949 ^ns		0.2847 ^ns
S^*D	0.9416 ^ns		0.7844 ^ns		0.4975 ^ns		0.1427 ^ns		0.5564 ^ns
CV (%)	14.6		7.6		17.8		15.8		6.8

Cu dose	Yield	N	P	K	S	Ca	Mg
(kg·ha^-1)	kg·ha^-1	--------------------------------------------------------g·kg^-1-------------------------------------------------------
0	8770	33.7	1.5	25.8	1.3	5.0	4.6
1	9846	33.5	1.6	26.3	1.3	5.1	4.9
2.5	9579	34.1	1.3	25.9	1.3	5.0	4.7
4	9229	34.1	1.4	24.8	1.4	5.1	4.7
5.5	9480	34.2	1.5	25.8	1.4	4.9	4.8
7	8990	32.8	1.5	24.6	1.3	5.4	5.0
Averages	9315	33.7	1.5	25.5	1.3	5.1	4.8
Pr > F	0.6572 ^ns	0.899 ^ns	0.49 ^ns	0.6959 ^ns	0.9877 ^ns	0.4562 ^ns	0.2559 ^ns
CV (%)	10.5	5.4	14	6.9	17	20.2	4.5

Cu dose	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn	B
(kg·ha^-1)	----------------------------------------------------------------mg·kg^-1----------------------------------------------------------------
0	16.4	367	24.7	12.8	11.2
1	19.1	391	23.9	13.5	12.5
2.5	17.1	372	24.7	13.4	12.3
4	17.2	374	23.7	12.1	11.0
5.5	19.1	390	25.1	12.8	8.8
7	17.3	367	24.1	12.0	10.9
Averages	17.7	377	24.4	12.8	11.1
Pr > F	0.4 ^ns	0.7 ^ns	1.0 ^ns	0.29 ^ns	0.2 ^ns
CV (%)	11.6	18.0	18.8	8.6	22.4