Impact of adult sons’ marriage squeeze on the mental health of parents in rural China

Chen, Guangyan; Si, Wei; Qiu, Lingling

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20190724

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RURAL EXTENSION • Cienc. Rural 50 (2) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20190724 copy

Impact of adult sons’ marriage squeeze on the mental health of parents in rural China

Impacto do casamento dos filhos adultos na saúde mental dos pais na China rural

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Studying the influencing factors and interventions of mental health in rural China has important practical significance for promoting personal development and social progress. Using the 2016 waves of the China Family Panel Studies data, this paper examined the effect of adult sons’ marriage squeeze on parents’ mental health in rural China and its corresponding mechanisms. Our study showed a significant negative association between adult sons’ marriage squeeze and the mental health status of rural parents. Moreover, the negative association of adult sons’ marriage squeeze with mental health is larger for female parents, parents who are less than 60 years old and parents living with children. In addition, we investigated possible mechanisms of the effect, including intergenerational support, intergenerational relationship and neighborhood relationship, and that adult sons’ marriage squeeze mainly damages the mental health of rural parents by increasing the downstream intergenerational support of rural parents and worsening intergenerational and neighborhood relationships.

Key words:
adult son; marriage squeeze; mental health; rural parent

Authorship

Guangyan Chen

College of Economics and Management, China Agricultural University, 100083, Beijing, China. China Agricultural UniversityChinaBeijing, ChinaCollege of Economics and Management, China Agricultural University, 100083, Beijing, China.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4634-2458

Wei Si ^*E-mail: 836818739@qq.com. *Corresponding author.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8103-7961

Lingling Qiu

Graduate Department of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.University of TorontoCanadaToronto, Ontario, CanadaGraduate Department of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1359-1191

E-mail: 836818739@qq.com. ^*Corresponding author.

DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

Guangyan Chen was fully engaged in writing the manuscript and was also fully involved in paper revision. Lingling Qiu performed data analysis and was involved in paper revision. Wei Si provided supervision and support for the completion of the paper.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (8)

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Table 1
Descriptive statistics of variables.

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Table 2
Ordinary Least Squares estimate of the relationships between adult sons’ marriage squeeze in 2016 and in 2014 and their rural parental mental health in 2016.

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Table 3
Estimates of regression in subgroups.

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Table 4
Estimates of quantile regression.

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Table 5
Channels of adult sons’ marriage squeeze effect on rural parent’s mental health.

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Table 6
Expanded model of adult sons’ marriage squeeze and rural parent’s mental health.

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Table 7
Effect of adult sons’ marriage squeeze on their rural parental mental health in one child families and two-children families.

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Table 8
Effect of adult sons’ marriage squeeze on their rural parental mental health - IV Estimation Results.

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of variables.

Variable	Obs	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
CESD	3585	14.135	4.480	8	32
Whether having unmarried sons aged 28 years old and above in 2016	3585	0.178	0.383	0	1
Whether having unmarried sons aged 28 years old and above in 2014	3585	0.205	0.404	0	1
The number of unmarried sons aged 28 years old and above in 2016	3585	0.198	0.445	0	3
The number of unmarried sons aged 28 years old and above in 2014	3585	0.229	0.481	0	4
Age	3585	64.232	8.042	45	96
Gender	3585	0.451	0.498	0	1
Education	3585	1.714	0.964	1	6
Marital status	3585	0.818	0.386	0	1
Lagging self-evaluation of physical health	3585	3.456	1.265	1	5
Personal relative income level	3585	2.462	1.154	1	5
Whether having medical insurance	3585	0.953	0.213	0	1
The number of adult children	3585	1.372	0.656	1	7
Living arrangement	3585	0.617	0.486	0	1
Housing conditions	3585	16.581	4.627	4	28
Public facility's status of the community	3585	2.610	0.935	1	5
Ecological environment of the community	3585	2.658	0.952	1	5

Table 2 Ordinary Least Squares estimate of the relationships between adult sons’ marriage squeeze in 2016 and in 2014 and their rural parental mental health in 2016.

Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	2016	2016	2014	2014
Whether having unmarried sons aged 28 years old and above (1 = yes, 0 = no)	0.061^***		0.046^***
	(0.013)		(0.012)
The number of unmarried sons aged 28 years old and above		0.051^***		0.031^***
The number of unmarried sons aged 28 years old and above		(0.011)		(0.010)
Age	0.000	0.001	0.001	0.001
Age	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Gender	-0.060^***	-0.059^***	-0.060^***	-0.060^***
Gender	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.010)
Education	-0.027^***	-0.027^***	-0.028^***	-0.028^***
Education	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.005)
Marital status	-0.090^***	-0.090^***	-0.090^***	-0.090^***
Marital status	(0.014)	(0.014)	(0.014)	(0.014)
Lagging self-evaluation of physical health	0.055^***	0.055^***	0.055^***	0.055^***
Lagging self-evaluation of physical health	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Personal relative income level	-0.023^***	-0.023^***	-0.023^***	-0.023^***
Personal relative income level	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Whether having medical insurance	-0.043^*	-0.044^*	-0.044^*	-0.044^*
Whether having medical insurance	(0.025)	(0.025)	(0.025)	(0.025)

Number of adult children	-0.001	-0.001	-0.001	-0.001
Number of adult children	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Living arrangement	-0.034^***	-0.034^***	-0.033^***	-0.033^***
Living arrangement	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.010)
Housing conditions	-0.003^***	-0.003^**	-0.003^***	-0.003^***
Housing conditions	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Public facility's status of the community	0.019^***	0.019^***	0.019^***	0.019^***
Public facility's status of the community	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)
Ecological environment of the community	0.030^***	0.029^***	0.030^***	0.030^***
Ecological environment of the community	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)
Constant	2.488^***	2.486^***	2.482^***	2.488^***
Constant	(0.130)	(0.130)	(0.130)	(0.130)
Province fixed effect	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Breusch-Pagan test	10.12^***	10.29^***	8.41^***	8.41^***
R-squared	0.182	0.182	0.180	0.179
Observations	3585	3585	3585	3585

Notes: Robust standard errors are put into parentheses; ^***indicates significance at 1% level, ^**at 5% level and ^*at 10% level; For the row of Breusch-Pagan test, values are Chi squared statistics.

Table 3 Estimates of regression in subgroups.

Variables	----------Gender----------		----------------Age----------------		------------Living arrangement-----------
	Mothers	Fathers	<60 years old	>=60 years old	Living with children	Living alone or living with the spouse
Whether having unmarried sons aged 28 years old and above (1 = yes, 0 = no)	0.070^***	0.054^***	0.093^***	0.041^***	0.065^***	0.055^***
	(0.017)	(0.018)	(0.022)	(0.016)	(0.017)	(0.019)
Constant	2.431^***	2.522^***	2.769^***	2.254^***	2.414^***	2.636^***
Constant	(0.168)	(0.180)	(0.235)	(0.131)	(0.152)	(0.101)
Control variables	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Province fixed effect	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Breusch-Pagan test	0.03	12.87^***	6.41^**	6.65^***	9.82^***	2.75^*
R-squared	0.143	0.205	0.203	0.187	0.179	0.213
Observations	1969	1616	1072	2513	2211	1374

Notes: Robust standard errors are put into parentheses; ^***indicates significance at 1% level, ^**at 5% level and ^*at 10% level; For the row of Breusch-Pagan test, values are Chi squared statistics.

Table 4 Estimates of quantile regression.

Variables	OLS	Q10	Q25	Q50	Q75	Q90
Whether having unmarried sons aged 28 years old and above (1 = yes, 0 = no)	0.061^***	0.037^*	0.063^***	0.086^***	0.072^***	0.050^***
	(0.013)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.016)	(0.016)
Constant	2.488^***	2.117^***	2.250^***	2.415^***	2.792^***	3.029^***
Constant	(0.130)	(0.188)	(0.185)	(0.194)	(0.217)	(0.223)
Control variables	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Province fixed effect	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
R-squared/Pseudo R²	0.182	0.076	0.100	0.107	0.111	0.121
Observations	3585	3585	3585	3585	3585	3585

Notes: Robust standard errors are put into parentheses; ^*** indicates significance at 1% level, ^** at 5% level and ^* at 10% level.

Table 5 Channels of adult sons’ marriage squeeze effect on rural parent’s mental health.

Variables	Whether providing downstream intergenerational financial transfers	Relationship with adult sons aged 28 years old and above	Thinking the neighborhood is not friendly to rural parent
Whether having unmarried adult sons aged 28 years old and above (1=yes, 0=no)	0.076^*	-0.318^***	0.271^***
	(0.042)	(0.116)	(0.100)
Constant	0.267	3.950^***	2.674^***
Constant	(0.226)	(0.708)	(0.609)
Control variables	Yes	Yes	Yes
Province fixed effect	Yes	Yes	Yes
Breusch-Pagan test	102.04^***	37.19^***	99.85^***
R-squared	0.068	0.141	0.129
Observations	541	541	541

Notes: Robust standard errors are put into parentheses; ^*** indicates significance at 1% level, ^** at 5% level and ^* at 10% level; For the row of Breusch-Pagan test, values are Chi squared statistics.

Table 6 Expanded model of adult sons’ marriage squeeze and rural parent’s mental health.

Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Whether having unmarried adult sons aged 28 years old and above	0.097^***	0.089^**	0.079^**	0.060^*	0.044
	(0.036)	(0.035)	(0.035)	(0.033)	(0.032)
Whether providing downstream intergenerational financial transfers		0.102^**			0.072^*
		(0.046)			(0.043)
Relationship with adult sons aged 28 years old and above			-0.054^***		-0.037^**
Relationship with adult sons aged 28 years old and above			(0.017)		(0.015)
Thinking the neighborhood is not friendly to rural parent				0.136^***	0.130^***
Thinking the neighborhood is not friendly to rural parent				(0.019)	(0.019)
Constant	2.909^***	2.881^***	3.122^***	2.546^***	2.688^***
Constant	(0.228)	(0.227)	(0.225)	(0.199)	(0.205)
Control variables	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Province fixed effect	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Breusch-Pagan test	1.95	2.19	0.60	0.19	0.00
R-squared	0.222	0.232	0.240	0.314	0.329
Observations	541	541	541	541	541

Notes: Robust standard errors are put into parentheses; ^*** indicates significance at 1% level, ^** at 5% level and ^* at 10% level; For the row of Breusch-Pagan test, values are Chi squared statistics.

Table 7 Effect of adult sons’ marriage squeeze on their rural parental mental health in one child families and two-children families.

Variables	One child families	Two children families
Whether having unmarried sons aged 28 years old and above (1 = yes, 0 = no)	0.062^***	0.091^***
	(0.017)	(0.022)
Constant	2.422^***	2.574^***
Constant	(0.188)	(0.181)
Control variables	Yes	Yes
Province fixed effect	Yes	Yes
Breusch-Pagan test	5.41^**	1.40
R-squared	0.201	0.190
Observations	2525	847

Notes: Robust standard errors are put into parentheses; ^*** indicates significance at 1% level, ^** at 5% level and ^* at 10% level; For the row of Breusch-Pagan test, values are Chi squared statistics.

Table 8 Effect of adult sons’ marriage squeeze on their rural parental mental health - IV Estimation Results.

	The first stage	The second stage
Whether having unmarried sons aged 28 years old and above (1 = yes, 0 = no)		0.109^***
		(0.025)
Whether having unmarried sons aged 28 years old and above in the community	0.994^***
	(0.030)
Constant	2.235^***	2.474^***
Constant	(0.078)	(0.130)
Control variables	Yes	Yes
Province fixed effect	Yes	Yes
N	3585	3585
Breusch-Pagan test	854.10^***
Kleibergen-Paap rk Wald F statistic	1100.068
Wu-Hausman test (P value)	0.029

Notes: Robust standard errors are put into parentheses; ^*** indicates significance at 1% level, ^** at 5% level and ^* at 10% level; For the row of Breusch-Pagan test, values are Chi squared statistics.

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[1] E-mail: 836818739@qq.com. ^*Corresponding author.